Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
If electrons are shared unequally, this forms a(n)
|
polar bond
|
|
|
prions
|
cause diseases in plants
|
|
|
which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA
|
ribose and uracile
|
|
|
a protein
|
assumes any number of equally functional shapes AND may need help, in the form of chaperones, to assume the correct shape.
|
|
|
which is/are the correct form(s)
|
Staphylococcus aureus (italicized)
|
|
|
charged atoms are termed
|
ions
|
|
|
protein denaturation can
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the scientific name of an organism includes its
|
genus and species
|
|
|
the outbreak of measles within the last few years was due to
|
a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years
|
|
|
the idea of Spontaneous Generation postulated that
|
living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material
|
|
|
if electrons are gained or lost in the formation of a bond, the bond is termed
|
ionic
|
|
|
bacteria have been used for food products
|
since the middle ages
|
|
|
viruses
|
are obligate intracellular parasites
|
|
|
bioremediation refers to
|
using bacteria to clean up pollutants
|
|
|
the carbohydrate(s) found in nucleic acids is/are
|
ribose AND deoxyribose
|
|
|
what type of bonding holds one strand of DNA to he complementary strand of DNA?
|
hydrogen
|
|
|
outside a cell, viruses are
|
inactive
|
|
|
which shows the incorrect complementary base pairing?
|
G:T
|
|
|
how many different amino acids are there to choose from when assembling a protein?
|
20
|
|
|
viruses are often referred to as
|
infectious agents
|
|
|
sharing of electrons forms a(n)
|
covalent bond AND strong bond
|
|
|
the prokaryotic cell scheme is found in
|
bacteria AND archaea
|
|
|
which of these scientist(s) was/were involved in, among other things, investigating the idea of spontaneous generation?
|
Redi AND Pasteur
|
|
|
viruses are in the group
|
archaea
|
|
|
viruses, viroids and prions all
|
operate intracellularly AND may be considered acellular agents of disease
|
|
|
water
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the most important feature of a protein is its
|
shape
|
|
|
the part of the atom that is most involved in chemical reactivity is the
|
electron
|
|
|
eucarya
|
have a more complex internal structure that Archaea or Bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA
|
|
|
the scientist usually considered to first see microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was
|
van Leeuwenhoek
|
|
|
organisms
|
may be classified in three domains
|
|
|
structural isomers
|
contain the same elements in different arrangements AND are exemplified by glucose and galactose
|
|
|
the subunits of proteins are
|
amino acids
|
|
|
viroids
|
are naked pieces of RNA
|
|
|
the purines of DNA are
|
adenine and guanine
|
|
|
microorganisms are involved in
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
which is true of carbohydrates?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the primary structure in a protein
|
refers to the sequence of amino acids
|
|
|
the helices and sheets of amino acids form a protein's
|
secondary structure
|
|
|
the idea of Spontaneous Generation postulated that
|
living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material
|
|
|
if a substance has a pH of 7.9, then it
|
is a base and has a higher concentration of hydroxide than hydrogen ions
|
|
|
published first description of a microorganism
|
Hooke
|
|
|
identified Bacillus anthracis
|
Koch
|
|
|
administered diphtheria antibodies for immunity
|
von Behring
|
|
|
identified penicillin
|
Fleming
|
|
|
developed Germ Theory of Disease
|
Hooke
|
|
|
used phenol to inhibit post-surgical microbial growth
|
Lister
|
|
|
developed first antimicrobial drug
|
Ehrlich
|
|
|
isolated TMV
|
Ivanovski
|
|
|
recommended the use of handwashing to reduce the risk of infection
|
Semmelweis
|
|
|
observed and described phagocytosis
|
Metchnikov
|
|
|
the structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are
|
flagella
|
|
|
the use of the suffix "ase" on a word denotes a(n)
|
enzyme
|
|
|
endospores are
|
a dormant cell type
|
|
|
allosteric enzymes
|
have an additional binding site that is involved in regulating enzyme activity
|
|
|
which term(s) refer(s) to bacterial morphology?
|
coccus AND bacillus
|
|
|
the name given to the reaction involving addition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a compound is termed
|
reduction
|
|
|
the cytoplasmic membrane of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes functions to
|
regulate movement of molecules which enter and leave the cell
|
|
|
the readily usable energy currency of cells is
|
ATP
|
|
|
enzymes speed up reactions by
|
lowering activation energy
|
|
|
the macromolecule found in the cell walls of all bacteria is
|
peptidoglycan
|
|
|
the general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is
|
thematic
|
|
|
the membranes of eukaryotes and mycoplasma
|
contain sterols for "strength"
|
|
|
which is (are) true concerning the cell wall of prokaryotes?
|
all of the choices are true
|
|
|
the cytoskeleton
|
is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal cells
|
|
|
enzymes act on _________ to produce ___________
|
substrates, products
|
|
|
the nucleus
|
is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes
|
|
|
oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in
|
aerobic respiration
|
|
|
the cell wall of Gram-negative organisms
|
has a thin peptidoglycan layer AND is characterized by an outer membrane containing LPS
|
|
|
most enzymes function best at
|
slightly above pH 7 and low salt concentrations
|
|
|
biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called
|
anabolic reactions
|
|
|
allosteric enzymes
|
have an additional binding site that is involved in regulating enzyme activity
|
|
|
most solutes pass through the cytoplasmic membrane via
|
diffusion
|
|
|
the TCA cycle produces
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars is
|
glycolysis
|
|
|
enzymes act as
|
catalysts
|
|
|
environmental factors that may affect enzyme activity include
|
temperature, pH AND salt
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion and active transport
|
both transport molecules into or out of a cell
|
|
|
the name given to the reaction involving removal of electrons or hydrogen atoms from a compound is termed
|
oxidation
|
|
|
which of the following processes generates the greatest amount of energy?
|
aerobic respiration
|
|
|
coenzymes are derivatives of
|
vitamins
|
|
|
most enzymes
|
are specialists and typically recognize a singles substrate
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells are
|
defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus
|
|
|
exergonic reactions
|
occur when there is more free energy in the reactants than the products
|
|
|
the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria
|
contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells
|
are more obviously compartmentalized than prokaryotes
|
|
|
the transition step
|
links glycolysis to the TCA cylce
|
|
|
extrachromasomal DNA is found in
|
nucleoli
|
|
|
proton motive force
|
is used to synthesize ATP AND is used to drive flagella rotation
|
|
|
bacteria that can absorb light energy and convert it into ATP are commonly called
|
phototrophs
|
|
|
concerning catoblism and anabolism
|
the intermediates of one serve as the reactants in the other AND the energy gathered in one is utilized in the other
|
|
|
which is not true of the cytoplasmic membrane?the capsule
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
energy is defined as
|
the capacity to do work
|
|
|
the capsule
|
may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces
|
|
|
which is true regarding the three central metabolic pathways?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the number of ATP derived from a single NADH
|
3
|
|
|
total ATP production for glycolysis
|
2
|
|
|
metabolite for glycolysis that enters the transition reaction
|
pyruvate
|
|
|
total ATP production for TCA
|
2
|
|
|
total ATP production for transition reaction
|
0
|
|
|
the number of ATP derived from a single FADH2
|
2
|
|
|
metabolite produced in transition that enters TCA
|
Acetyl CoA
|
|
|
total number of ATP produced in glycolyis, TCA, and respiration for prokaryotes
|
38
|
|
|
random cluster of spherical bacteria
|
Staphylococcus
|
|
|
curved rods
|
Vibril
|
|
|
cylindrical shaped bacteria
|
Bacillus
|
|
|
helical shaped bacteria
|
Spirochete
|
|
|
bacteria with varying body forms
|
Pleiomorphic
|
|
|
repels water
|
Hydrophobic
|
|
|
attracted to water
|
hydrophilic
|
|
|
in order to speed up the sterilization process, which of the following would be useful?
|
washing/mechanical removal of bacteria/organic matter
|
|
|
which of the following is (are) considered when selecting a germicidal chemical?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
which of the following organisms are resistant to destruction by typical control methods?
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
biofilms
|
are polysaccharide-encased prokaryote communities that are attached to surfaces
|
|
|
the optimum pH for growth of most species of bacteria is
|
pH 7
|
|
|
organisms that are indifferent to the presence of oxygen and do not use it are
|
aerotolerant anaerobes
|
|
|
one of the first chemical used by Lister to prevent surgical sepsis was
|
carbolic acid
|
|
|
typical conditions used for sterilization are
|
121 C at 15 psi for 15 min
|
|
|
organisms may derive energy from
|
sunlight AND metabolizing chemical compounds
|
|
|
MacConkey agar is
|
a selective and differential agar
|
|
|
the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve is marked by
|
metabolically active cells
|
|
|
the solidifying agent used most successfully in bacterial nutrient media is
|
agar
|
|
|
chemoheterotrophs
|
use pre-formed organic molecules as a carbon source AND as an energy source
|
|
|
high concentrations of salt and sugar in foods
|
are useful in preserving the food AND tend to draw water out of a cell.
|
|
|
microbial death rates may be affected by
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Mycobacterium leprae is typically found infecting the ears, toes, and fingers of its host due to its
|
need for cooler temperatures
|
|
|
in nature, bacteria
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
quaternary ammonium compounds are
|
cationic detergents which help wash surfaces AND attracted to the negative charge on the microbial cell surface
|
|
|
in the growth curve of a bacteria population, the bacteria are rapidly increasing in number in the
|
exponential (log) phase
|
|
|
the simplest technique for isolating bacteria in growth media is referred to as the
|
streak plate method
|
|
|
chlorhexidine
|
is a member of the biguanides AND is extensively used in antiseptics
|
|
|
if a process kills 90% of the organisms per minute, how many minutes would it take to kill all organisms when starting with 100,000 organisms?
|
6 minutes
|
|
|
the prefix photo-indicates that an organism will make use of
|
light
|
|
|
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur may be considered
|
major elements
|
|
|
nosocomial infections
|
are acquired while in the hospital AND occur because of a susceptible population and presence of disease causing organisms
|
|
|
boiling is not reliable for sterilization because
|
heat resistant endospores are unaffected
|
|
|
a medium that inhibits the growth of organisms other than the one being sought is termed a(n)
|
selective medium
|
|
|
the process of killing or removing all the microorganisms in or on a material is termed
|
sterilization
|
|
|
a sterile item is free of
|
microbes, endospores, AND viruses
|
|
|
all the bacterial cells that result from the replication of single organism are said to be a
|
pure culture
|
|
|
prokaryotic cells divide by a process known as
|
binary fission
|
|
|
liquid media containing heat-sensitive components would best be sterilized by
|
membrane filtration
|
|
|
to reduce or eliminate disease/spoilage causing organisms, food is often subjected to
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
the optimal temperature for most human pathogens might be expected to range from
|
35-40 C
|
|
|
candle jars are usually used to
|
provide an atmosphere with CO2
|
|
|
a common application of dry heat in the laboratory is to
|
sterilize the inoculating loop
|
|
|
compounds of tin, mercury, arsenic, and copper are no longer used to prevent microbial growth in cooling water primarily because
|
their use contributes to serious pollution of natural waters
|
|
|
pasteurization
|
is the use of heat to reduce pathogenic/spoilage bacteria to a safe level
|
|
|
a common environmental organism that may even grow in certain chemical disinfectants is
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
organisms that use CO2 as their source of carbon are called
|
autotrophs
|
|
|
organisms that use organic molecule as their source of carbon are called
|
heterotrophs
|
|
|
the speed of enzymatic reactions approximately double for each
|
10 C rise temperature
|
|
|
late log phase of the bacterial growth curve
|
is marked by the production of secondary metabolites
|
|
|
during which phase of the bacterial growth curve does the total number of viable cells decline
|
death
|
|
|
organisms that require gaseous oxygen for metabolism are referred to as
|
obligate aerobes
|
|
|
phase of bacterial growth curve where growth and death are equal
|
stationary phase
|
|
|
phase of growth curve where the bacterial population is doubling
|
log phase
|
|
|
phase of growth curve where the total number of viable cells is decreasing
|
death phase
|
|
|
phase of growth curve where the number of cells is not increasing
|
lag phase
|
|
|
phase of growth curve where the fittest cells hang on
|
prolonged decline
|
|
|
optimum growth temp 20C to 30C
|
psychrotroph
|
|
|
optimum growth temp -5C to 15C
|
Psychrophile
|
|
|
Optimum growth temp 70C to 110C
|
hyperthermophile
|
|
|
optimum growth temp 25C to 40C
|
mesophile
|
|
|
Optimum growth temp 45C to 70C
|
thermophile
|
|
|
complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of
|
myxobacteria
|
|
|
which causes uncontrolled growth of plant tissue, resulting in a tumor
|
Agrobacterium
|
|
|
members of the family enterobacteriaceae
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
which of the following is/are obligate intracellular parasites?
|
chlamydia and Rickettsia
|
|
|
Rhizobium
|
fix nitrogen inside nodules on the roots of legumes
|
|
|
pseudomonas
|
are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials AND are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P. aeruginosa
|
|
|
members of the Arcaea typically thrive in conditions of excessive
|
all of the choices are correct
|
|
|
which of the following microbes is (are) important to cheese making?
|
lactic acid bacteria AND Propionibacterium
|
|
|
comparatively greater energy is released when
|
hydrogen is the final electron acceptor
|
|
|
bacteria that may form endospores include
|
Clostridium and Bacillus
|
|
|
the methanogens
|
are part of the Archaea
|
|
|
the earliest oxygenic phototrophs are thought to be
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
the purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria
|
both use hydrogen sulfide as a source of electrons
|
|
|
lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus
|
are obligate fermenters
|
|
|
sulfuric acid is
|
involved in bioleaching AND produced by unicellular sulfur-oxidizers
|
|
|
which of the following organisms is the causative agent of Hansen's disease (leprosy)?
|
mycobacterium leprae
|
|
|
heterocysts
|
are used to protect nitrogenase
|
|
|
propionibacterium
|
produces propionic acid AND is responsible for the holes in Swiss cheese
|
|
|
common dust and soil contaminant, yellow colonies
|
micrococcus
|
|
|
refers to feeding on dead and decaying matter
|
saprobe
|
|
|
utilize ammonia or nitrogen as an energy source
|
nitrifiers
|
|
|
causes bubonic plague
|
yersinia pestis
|
|
|
terrestrial bacteria that forms cysts
|
azotobacter
|
|
|
"leech"..preys on other organisms
|
Bdellovibrio
|
|
|
refers to he ability to generate light
|
bioluminescence
|
|
|
forms sheaths
|
leptothrix
|
|
|
causative agent of gonorrhea
|
neisseria
|
|
|
utilize inorganic compounds for energy
|
chemolithotrophs
|
|
|
provides immunity in the infant digestive system
|
bifidobacterium
|
|
|
refers to feeding on dead and decaying matter
|
saprobe
|
|
|
utilize ammonia or nitrogen as an energy source
|
nitrifiers
|
|
|
causes bubonic plague
|
yersinia pestis
|
|
|
terrestrial bacteria that forms cysts
|
azotobacter
|
|
|
"leech"..preys on other organisms
|
Bdellovibrio
|
|
|
refers to he ability to generate light
|
bioluminescence
|
|
|
forms sheaths
|
leptothrix
|
|
|
causative agent of gonorrhea
|
neisseria
|
|
|
utilize inorganic compounds for energy
|
chemolithotrophs
|
|
|
provides immunity in the infant digestive system
|
bifidobacterium
|
|
|
optimal growth in pH of 1 or lower
|
picrophilus
|
|
|
prefers temperatures between 90 degrees and 113 degrees Celsius
|
pyrolobus fumarii
|
|
|
causes gas gangrene
|
clostridium perfrinigins
|
|
|
causes syphilis
|
treponema palladium
|
|
|
gram negative, common noscomial pathogen
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
used to clean up radioactive waste
|
dinococcus
|
|
|
primary producers, responsible for oxygenating atmosphere
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
causes strep throat
|
streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
common inhabitant of vagina, keeps other organisms at bay
|
lactobacilli
|
|
|
optimal growth in pH of 1 or lower
|
picrophilus
|
|
|
prefers temperatures between 90 degrees and 113 degrees Celsius
|
pyrolobus fumarii
|
|
|
causes gas gangrene
|
clostridium perfrinigins
|
|
|
causes syphilis
|
treponema palladium
|
|
|
gram negative, common noscomial pathogen
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
used to clean up radioactive waste
|
dinococcus
|
|
|
primary producers, responsible for oxygenating atmosphere
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
causes strep throat
|
streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
common inhabitant of vagina, keeps other organisms at bay
|
lactobacilli
|
