Microbiology Exam I

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Prokaryote

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Pre-nucleus, simple cell, unicellular organism that lack membrane bound organelles

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Eukaryote

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Uni or multi-cellular complex cell that have a true nucleus

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Virus

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acellular, parasitic particles composed only of a nucleic acid and protein

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Spontaneous Generation

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The idea that life came from nonliving matter and was introduced by Aristotle

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Francesco Redi

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Challenged the idea of spontaneous generation with an experiment

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Theory of Bio-genesis

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the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Created the first microscope

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hypothesis

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a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted

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Joseph Lister

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introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

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Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

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Germ Theory states that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, poverty, etc. Who contributed to this theory?

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inoculation

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The introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth

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incubation

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Inoculated media are placed in a temperature and atmosphere controlled environment to promote growth.

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isolation

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If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow into a mound of cells - a colony

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Inspection

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Cultures are observed for the macroscopic appearance ofgrowth characteristics

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Information Gathering

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Testing of cultures with procedures that analyze specific biochemical and enzyme characteristics, immunologic reactions, drug sensitivity, and genetic makeup

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Identification

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Identified by appearance, biochemical tests, genetic characteristics, and immunological testing.

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Positive Staining

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surfaces of microbes are negatively/positively charged and attract basic/acidic dyes

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Negative Staining

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microbe repels dye, the dye stains the background

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Simple Stain

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one dye is used; reveals shape, size, and arrangement

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Differential Staining

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use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts (examples: gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain)

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Gram Staining

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differential stain used to classify bacteria.

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Special Staining

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reveal certain cell parts not revealed by conventional methods (examples: capsule and flagellar stains)

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General Media

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grows a broad range of microbes

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Enriched Media

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contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin or special growth factors required by certain microbes

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Selective Media

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contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes

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Differential Media

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allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among desired and undesired microbes

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Slime Layer

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loosely organized and attached part of the glycocalyx

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Capsule

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highly organized, tightly attached part of the glycocalyx

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Glycocalyx

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Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss–Inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis contributing to pathogenicity -Attachment - formation of biofilms

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Peptidoglycan

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Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long chains (NAG & NAM) cross-linked by short peptide fragments

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Nucleolus

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dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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Rough ER

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originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope-rough due to ribosomes-proteins synthesized and shunted into the ER for packaging and transport

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Smooth ER

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closed tubular network without ribosomes•functions in nutrient processing, synthesis and storage of lipids

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Golgi Apparatus

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Consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae that modifies, stores, and packages proteins–Closely associated with ER–Protein-containing vesicles from the ER go to the Golgi apparatus for modification and maturation–Vesicles transport proteins to organelles or to the outside

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Saprobes

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living off dead plants and animals

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Trophozoite

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motile feeding stage

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Cyst

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dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding

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Nucleocapsid

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The viral capsid along with the nucleic acid that is tightly packed within the protein coat

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Envelope

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helps the virus bind to a cell surface and assists the penetration of the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell

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Helical, Icosahedral, Complex

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Shapes of viruses

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obligate intracellular parasites

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Viruses can only multiply in living cells because they lack the cellular components necessary for harvesting energy and synthesizing proteins

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Lytic Phage

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Some phage multiply inside the cells they invade then escape by lysing (bursting) the host cell.

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Temperate Phage

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integrate their DNA into the host’s genome and replicate when the host replicates

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Lysogeny

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Prophage is retained and copied during normal cell division resulting in the transfer of temperate phage genome to all host cell progeny – this is called

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Induction

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can occur resulting in activation of lysogenic prophage followed by viral replication and cell lysis

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Cytopathic Effects

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virus-induced damage to cells

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Retrovirus

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-single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses, many of which infect humans

-covert their RNA to DNA.

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Oncogenes

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are genes that when expressed result in uncontrolled cell growth (often gene normally involved in regulating cell growth).

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Prions

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-Cause slow diseases (infections).

-Contain misfolded proteins, no nucleic acid and have an unknown function.

-Symptoms: brain function degenerates as neurons die, and the brain tissue develops sponge-like holes (called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)