Microbiology Exam Four Gilmore Asu

Front 1

Organisms live together, both benefit (Ecoli in GI tract)

Back 1

Mutualism

Front 2

one organism benefits, the other is not particularly benefited or harmed; to eat at the same table. (Most GI tract microbes; we provide a warm wet place to live with food, we don’t get all that much in return.)

Back 2

Commensalism

Front 3

one organism benefits at the other’s expense (Disease-causing bacteria; to them, we’re dinner.)

Back 3

Parasitism

Front 4

presence of microbes (where they don’t belong).

Back 4

Contamination

Front 5

multiplication of parasitic organisms in/on host.

Back 5

Infection

Front 6

used to describe infection of larger organisms, e.g. lice.

Back 6

Infestation

Front 7

malfunction in or damage to the host.

Back 7

Disease

Front 8

Disease is a condition of the ____?

Back 8

Host

Front 9

a parasite capable of causing disease

Back 9

Pathogen

Front 10

ability of pathogen to cause disease

Back 10

Pathogenicity

Front 11

relative ability to cause disease.

Back 11

Virulence

Front 12

attenuation means?

Back 12

Weakened

Front 13

microbes normally found on the body.

Back 13

Normal microbiota

Front 14

always found on human tissues.

Back 14

Resident microbiota

Front 15

come and go, can include potential pathogens.

Back 15

Transient microbiota

Front 16

Where do microbes live?

Back 16

GI tract (crowded), respiratory tract, skin, genito-urinary tract, fluids

Front 17

causes disease

Back 17

pathogen

Front 18

can cause disease under the right circumstance

Back 18

opportunistic pathogen

Front 19

decomposes dead stuff

Back 19

Saprotroph

Front 20

What determines whether we get sick? (Not always clear cut)

Back 20

Inf Dis = N x V / HF

Front 21

Types of diseases:

Back 21

Inherited diseases: caused by a faulty gene.
Congenital: due to damage during development.
Degenerative diseases, due to age or lifestyle
Nutritional, endocrine, mental, immunological, neoplastic (cancer), idiopathic; same caveat.
Iatrogenic: caused by doctor.
Nosocomial infections: occur in hospital.
Infectious disease: caused by infectious agents like:
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.

Front 22

can be spread from one person to another

Back 22

communicable

Front 23

highly communicable, can easily be spread from one person to another.

Back 23

Contagious

Front 24

are not spread from one host to another.

Back 24

Non-communicable

Front 25

How bacteria can cause disease:

Back 25

Invasive (usualy through tissues)
Toxigenic (produce and release toxins which dissolve in blood stream)
Host processes (inflamation over responding, causing damage.

Front 26

How viruses can cause disease:

Back 26

Viruses multiply inside host cells, using cell resources, often killing cells.
Viruses stimulate the immune system to fight back; infected cells are killed.
Viruses alter cell cycle regulation to promote their own replication; may lead to cancer.
Fungi, Protists, and worms
Produce enzymes that damage host cells
Multiply in host cells and kill them
Cause allergic reactions or inflammation

Front 27

Steps in an infectious disease:

Back 27

Entry and attachment
Deal with host defense
Damage
Escape

Front 28

Things that bacteria have that improve their abilities to cause disease:

Back 28

Virulence Factors-Fimbriae, capsules, enzymes, toxins

Front 29

A protective mechanism, but can cause local damage.

Back 29

Inflamation

Front 30

What are Endotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome toxins?

Back 30

Super antigents (Cause massive over response of WBS
Followed by decreased responsiveness)

Front 31

The study of disease is called?

Back 31

Epidemiology

Front 32

the study of the causes of disease

Back 32

Etiology

Front 33

What is signs and symptoms?

Back 33

Signs are observable/measurable
Symptoms are experienced by patient

Front 34

collection of signs and symptoms

Back 34

Syndrome

Front 35

# of new cases during a time period

Back 35

Incidence

Front 36

ongoing cases at any one time

Back 36

Prevalence

Front 37

Death and sickness per total population over a given period of time.

Back 37

Mortality and morbidity rate:

Front 38

The first epidemiological study. Cholera was found to be spreading by water. London in 1854

Back 38

John Snow was credited

Front 39

Refers to how long the disease lasts..(Acute, subacute, chronic)?

Back 39

Acute is short lived, subacute longer,chronic longest

Front 40

Refers to how long the disease lasts....(Local, focal, systemic)?

Back 40

A local infection is in one specific place, systemic means throughout the body. Focal: started somewhere

Front 41

Refers to how long the disease lasts....(Primary, secondary, superinfection)?

Back 41

Primary: the first or main infection
Secondary: a second infection once weakened by a first one.
Super infection usually blamed on antibiotic Rx

Front 42

bacteria in the blood

Back 42

Bacteremia

Front 43

a disease condition, microbes actively growing in, infecting blood.

Back 43

Septicemia

Front 44

viruses in the blood, common in systemic infections

Back 44

Viremia

Front 45

infection comes from outside the host. Examples: common cold, STD.

Back 45

Exogenous

Front 46

host is original source of infection. Examples: boils on skin spread by fingers from Staph sinus infection; E. coli urinary tract infection.

Back 46

Endogenous

Front 47

Weakened immune system, poor lung clearance from bed rest, surgical wounds, bedsores, etc.

Back 47

Compromised host

Front 48

Where do germs live?

Back 48

Humans, animals, non living (soil and water)

Front 49

Entry portals for infections:

Back 49

Glands, follicles that open to outside
Larger openings: respiratory system, digestive system, genito-urinary tract
Cuts, bites, burns, surgical incisions
Crossing the placenta, infecting the fetus

Front 50

Exit portals for infections:

Back 50

Coughing sneezing speaking: from mouth
Excretory systems: GI tract, in feces; in urine
From sex: vaginal fluid, semen
From blood: insect bites, shared needles

Front 51

Types of transmission for microbes:

Back 51

Contact-
Direct contact: touching, kissing, sex, endogenous spread (one part of you to another)
Vehicles- water, food, airborne
Vectors-Typically arthropods (insects, ticks)

Front 52

Koch’s Postulates:

Back 52

1.Microbe must be found in every instance of the disease.
2.Obtain microbe in pure culture
3.Produce disease in susceptible host
4.Re-isolate original microbe

Front 53

Stages of Disease:

Back 53

Incubation
Prodromal
Illness(acute/invasive)
Decline
Convalescent

Front 54

Frequency of disease terms:
Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic

Back 54

Endemic: continually present in low numbers
Epidemic: higher than normal occurrence
Pandemic: epidemic spreads worldwide
Sporadic: cases show up only occasionally

Front 55

The more immune individuals, the harder it is for the disease to be spread among many people; the cycle of transmission is broken.

Back 55

Herd Immunity

Front 56

potentially harmful diseases which must be reported to the CDC or other Health Unit by physicians

Back 56

Notifiable disease

Front 57

Non-specific Host Defenses

Back 57

-Physical barriers
-Cellular defense
-Processes:
phagocytosis
inflammation
-Chemical defenses

Front 58

Non-specific Host Defenses -Physical barrier-skin

Back 58

Skin-Layered tissue, puncture resistant.
High in keratin, water repellant.
Secretions maintain low pH.
Outer layers slough off, reducing microbial load.
Self-repairing.

Front 59

Non-specific Host Defenses -Physical barrier- mucus

Back 59

Mucus traps microbes
-Action of cilia:
propel mucus & microbes toward GI tract or to where they can be coughed out.

Front 60

Non-specific Host Defenses: Cellular Barrier: Blood

Back 60

60% Plasma
Water and salts (electrolytes)
Proteins: albumin, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, complement, etc.

40% “Formed Elements” (cells mostly)
RBCs (erythrocytes, red cells) carry oxygen
WBCs (leukocytes, white cells) fight infection
Platelets involved in clotting, release prostaglandins.

Front 61

White Blood Cells: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes

Back 61

Lymphocytes: 20-50% of total,
T and B cells, deal with specific immunity
Monocytes: 2-8% of total,
“grow up” to become macrophages, “big eaters”
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: 50-70%, numerous short-lived phagocytes
Eosinophils: 1-5%, stain red, attack parasites
Basophils: 0.1%, stain blue, release histamine
Granulocytes named according to microscopic appearance, presence of granules, type of stain, etc.

Front 62

Features inactive proteins becoming activated.
Platelets respond to physical roughness

Back 62

Blood clotting

Front 63

plasma without the clotting factors

Back 63

Serum

Front 64

Large and mean, clean up debris as well as microbes.
Important link between non-specific immunity and specific immunity

Back 64

Macrophages

Front 65

patrol bloodstream, stepping into tissues when “called”

Back 65

Wandering macrophages

Front 66

reside in specific organs, get fancy names like Kupffer cells, histiocytes, microglia, “dust cells”, depending on home.

Back 66

Fixed macrophage

Front 67

a process by which cells engulf and destroy microbial invaders, debris, foreign material.

Back 67

Phagocytosis (Cell-eating)

Front 68

the major phagocytic cells in the body:

Back 68

Neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages

Front 69

phagocytes respond to (move toward) various chemicals (cytokines) released by host cells and by microbes.

Back 69

Chemotaxis

Front 70

cell binds to material/microbe.

Back 70

Attachment

Front 71

Phagocytosis steps in the process:

Back 71

Chemotaxis, attachment, engulfment, digestion

Front 72

Phagocytosis 2- target brought into cell by endocytosis. Now in cytoplasm in a vesicle.

Back 72

Engulfment

Front 73

Phagocytosis 2- vesicle (phagosome) containing microbe fuses with lysosome.

Back 73

Digestion

Front 74

Some microbes have found a way to interfere and save itself by:

Back 74

Anti-phagocytic coatings
Capsules, M-protein; aren’t grabbed and engulfed
Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
Prevention of destruction in phago-lysosome
Hide from phagocytes by entering “non-professional” phagocytes.
Kill phagocytic cells

Front 75

Attach to parasites (protozoa, worms) larger than they are, release enzymes that attack pest.

Back 75

Eosinophils

Front 76

Non-specific lymphocytes (different from T and B cells) which attack virus-infected cells and kill them.

Back 76

Natural killer cells

Front 77

Series of vessels and nodes
Drains off excess body fluids from
tissues, returns fluids to cardiovascular system
Lymph nodes filter out microbes
Nodes filled with macrophages and lymphocytes
Fluid flows thru slowly, maximizes contact

Back 77

Parallel circulatory system

Front 78

Largely all explained by increased blood flow and vessel permeability in area of injury; host response to tissue injury.

Back 78

Inflammation

Front 79

: a substance that causes fever

Back 79

Pyrogen

Front 80

Fatty acids in sebum on skin, low pH and are toxic
Lysozyme in tears, saliva, other fluids

Back 80

Chemical defenses: Secretions

Front 81

not being susceptible to disease

Back 81

Immunity

Front 82

Types of immunity:

Back 82

Innate: you have it from birth
Acquired: after exposure, your body remembers specific invader.

Front 83

An atigen is:

Back 83

Large, foreign, molecularly complex

Front 84

A molecule that is too small to be an antigen without piggy-backing onto another is a ____

Back 84

hapten

Front 85

The specific part of an antigen recognized by an antibody or receptor is called an _____

Back 85

epitope

Front 86

refers to body fluids

Back 86

Humoral

Front 87

refers to the direct involvement of cells to attack an infection

Back 87

cell mediated