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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylum Cyanobacteria
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Old life forms
responsible for levels of 02 in air became chloroplasts 2 photosystems - H20 as electron donor to generate 02 contain chlorophyll a |
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Cyanobacteria
pro-chlorophytes contain |
chlorophyll b
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Groups of Cyanobacteria
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Oscillatoria
Chroococcus turgidus Nostoc Anabaena spiroides and Microcystis aeruginosa |
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Structures in Anabaena
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Akinetes
Heterocysts |
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Akinetes
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In Anabaena
thick walled dormant cells that survive desiccation |
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Heterocysts
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differentiate when N sources are limited
thick walls, Photosystem I only (No O2 production) Fix N2 for neighboring vegetatve cells N2 --> NH3 --> Glutamine |
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Phylum Chlamydia
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Domain: Bacteria
No cell wall obligatory intracellular parasite 2 forms EB and RB |
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EB Chlamydia
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highly x-linked outer membrane
functions in extra-cellular survival metabolically inactive infective Bind to mucosal cells and are endocytosed and converted to active RB's |
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RB Chlamydia
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metabolically active form divide but not infective
reconvert to EB's before lysing host cells |
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C. trachomatis
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Domain: Archaea
Phylum: Chlamydia greastest cause of blindness in th world 500 million infections/yr world-wide causes conjuctivitis, PID, others |
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Phylum Spirochaetes
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cause Lyme disease from Genus Borrelia (B. burgdorferi)
Deer and field mice are hosts, ticks transfer 1. flu like symptoms accompany ring rash 2. multi organ inflammation 3. Alzheimers/MS type illness |
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Phylum Proteobacteria
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5 Classes related by SSU analysis
diverse metabolism, derived from purple bacterium ALL gram Neg. |
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alpha Protobacteria
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Agrobacterium
Caulobacter Rickettsia Nitrobacter |
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Beta Protobacteria
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Neisseria
Bordetella Nitosomonas |
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Gamma protobacteria
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Escherichia
Pseudomonas Vibrio Yersinia Salmonella |
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delta protobacteria
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Bdellovibrio
Myxococcus |
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epsilon protobacteria
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Campylobacter
Helicobacter |
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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contains special Ti plasmid(tumor inducing) that can be genetically engineered in E.coli
and transferred back to the agrobacteria via conjugation |
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T DNA
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transferred to plants via conjugation
or particle gun |
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Agrobacterium application
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Herbicide resistance
Bt-crops ethylene resistance |
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Caulobacter crescentus
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stalk formation required prior to cell division
unequal binary fission (dimorphism) co-ordination of development events, many phosphorelay systems involved |
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Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
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delta Proteobacteria
bores into periplasmic space and reproduces there interupts CM and feasts on cytoplasm of host cell multiple fission events produce many flagellated cells that escape as host lyses |
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Myxococcus xanthus
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"wolf" behavior - -vegetative cells secrete slime in trails that other cells follow
Cells move in swarms consuming other microbes When prey become scarce, cells pile into aggregates and form fruiting bodies that release myxospores releasing new microbes Cell communication mediated by 5 signals (A-E) |
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Gram positive bacteria
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2 main groups based on %GC in genome
Low GC - Shown on slide 17 High GC include Phylum Actinobacteria |
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High GC gram positive organisms
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M. tuberculosis - cause TB
Corynebacterium diptheriae - diptheria Propionibacterium acnes - acne make compounds that are foundation of antibiotic and chemotherapy development resemble fungi (filamentous growth to make hyphae, spores) |
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Phylum Firmicutes, Class Bacilli
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pathogens(streptococcus, staphylococcus, bacillus)
Food microbes (Lactobacillus, lactococcus, leuconostoc) |
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Fermented Milks
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Lactobacillus (a,b)
Lactococcus (c) LABs are strictly fermentative, aero- and acid tolerant acid production leads to curled proteins, cheese |
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Eukaryotic Microbes
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Protists(protozoa and algae), Yeast, and fungi
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Eukaryotic structures
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organelles
membrane enclosed nucleus linear chromosomes in (duplicate) duplicated gene structure allowed rapid diversfication of genetic material |
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Eukaryotic Processes
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import large partcle and digest them internally
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Eukaryotic Movement
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microtubules in cilia and flagella(9 + 2) arrangement
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protists
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single celled organisms usually grouped as protozoa or algae
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Protozoa
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chemoorganotrophs
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algae
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photoautotrophs
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Protozoa were classified according to....
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mechanisms of locomotion( flagellates, ciliates, amoeba, others),
currents schemes bases on DNA and biochemical analyses divife protists into Super Groups |
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Protozoan locations
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ponds, streams, lakes, ocean, and make up plankton, some in damp soil
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Protozoan Basics
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variety in number and type of mitochondria
motile feeding trophoziote w/ cyst(hardy resting) stage chemoheterotrophs pathogens |
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Some alveolates (subgroup of Supergroup Chromalveolata)
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Eukaryote
Protozoa Dinoglagellata(red tide) - Gonyaulax and Gymnodinium (potent neurotoxins) Apicomplexa( malaria causing plasmodium) Ciliophora(paramecium) |
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Alveolates - Ciliophora
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2 different nuclei
micronucleus contain genome macronucleus contains a subset of frequently transcribed genes |
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Apicomplexans
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-Apical complex of structure allows penetration of cells within host
-All parasites -Motile, infective(haploid) stage sporozoite and vegetative cells called merozoite Malaria and taxoplasmosis |
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sporozoite
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apicomplexans infective (haploid) state
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merozoite
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apicoplexans vegetative state
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Diatoms and coccolithophores group
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Chromoalveolata
photosynthetic with external mineral shells |
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Diatoms structure
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petri dish like structures of silica(Si(OH)4);
each speces is distinctive; fix as much CO2 as all rain forests combined |
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Coccoliths structure
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contain scales of CaCO3, high levels of plankton, may affect CO2 cycle
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Green Algae supergroup
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Archaeplastidia
chloroplasts evolved from Cyanobacteria |
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Green Algae structure and growth
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cell walls of cellulose
unicellular, colonial, filamentous, some holdfasts some are pathogens |
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Green Algae Names
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Chorella
Volvox Spirogyra Acetabularia |
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Properties of Fungi
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yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
non-photosynthetic and non-phagocytotic Cell wall of Chitin(NAG polymer) bodies called thalli - single celled(yeasts) or multicellular called hyphae (molds) grow either w/ or w/o sexual cycle, ALL spore forming Live in other organisms either symbiotically or parasitically Decomposers (saprobes) |
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Reproduction in Fungi
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spores for dispersal
withstand harsh environment spoulation used for classification |
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Fungi - yeast
transformable can make recombinant proteins 16 chromosomes Grow in haploid and diploid states( can look at lethal mutations) |
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Candida albicans
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Fungi
oppotunistic pathogen growth restricted by prokaryotes microbes induction of growth during antibiotic treatment Dimorphic(grow as yeast like or mycelial type fungus) increases pathogenicity systemic disease has high mortality rate |
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In the beginning...
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H->He
He->C, O C->Ne, Mg O->Si, S Si,S ->Fe All rose from death of old stars |
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Oldest living fossils
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stromalites approx. 3.5 billion yrs old
Life evolved while earth still hot and anoxic (3.8 billion years ago) |
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Probiont
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pre-cell (RNA/liposome?)
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Stanley Miller
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Miller - Urey early 50's tried to make life from early earth components (H2, H2O, CH4, NH4)
generated AA's Other experiments using HCN/different starting materials made sugars and nucleotide bases |
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Spontaneous vesicle formation
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Clay or FeS2 surfaces catalyze formation and growth of lipid vesicles that have been shown to encapsulate RNA
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RNA activities
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catalytic activities
nucleotide synthesis, self-replication, and polypeptide polymerization bind to polypeptides and serve regulatory functions |
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RNA vs. DNA
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DNA more stable than RNA
DNA replaced RNA for some functions |
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Early fueling system
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FeS + H2S --> FeS2 + H2 yields -42kJ
H2 good electron donor E0 = -.414 |
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Unicellular eukaryotes arose
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1.5-2 billion yrs ago
archael ancestor captures alpha-protobacteria, these capture Cyanobacteria = endosymbiosis resulted in chloroplasts |
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has extra layers of CM
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bacteria
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study of microbes using...
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Gene sequencing(SSU, rRNA, house-keeping genes)
morphological, physiological, metabolic |
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How to make a tree using SSU, rRNA genes
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Isolate genes for 16S or 18S (SSU) rRNA
sequence Compare sequences also use AA sequences of house-keeping proteins |
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Phylogenetic tree
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3 domains based on SSU genes
distance related to homology of SSU gene sequence Probionts at root of tree, no competition, high mutation rate |
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Prokaryotic diversity
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10 million different species
only 8,000 characterized, in 40 Phyla most cannot be cultivated species comprised of many strains |
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Toxonomy
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based on SSU, morphological, biochemical data
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Bacteria species strains
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biovars
morphovars serovars |
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Bacteria Orders
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Chromatiales
Thiotrichales Legionellales Pseudomonadales Vibrionales Enterobacteriales - Enterobacteriaceae(Family) Pasteurellales |
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LOW G + C Gram positive bacteria
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Phylum - Furmicutes
Classes -Clostridia -Mollicutes -Bacillius |
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HIGH G + C Gram positive
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Phylum - Actinobacteria
class- Actinobacteria |
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Archaea
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several phyla divided into 5 physiological groups
methanogens |
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Phylum Crenarchaeota
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Archaea
mesophilic oceanic species; thermophiles, hyperthermophiles |
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Phylum Euryarchaeota
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archaea
methanogens extreme halophiles(salt loving environment) sulfur metabolizers |
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Methanogenesis substrates
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methanogens
anaerobic substrates - H2 + CO2 or formate ATP production by PMF generation |
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Methanogens location
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marine sediments
swamps protozoa rumens |
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One cow produces
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200 - 400 L of CH4/day
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CH4 is a...
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greenhouse gas, but clean-burning fuel
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CH3SCoM --> CH4 via
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Hydrogenase + methyl-CoM methylreductase (F 430) FAD
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HIGH G + C Gram positive
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Phylum - Actinobacteria
class- Actinobacteria |
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Archaea
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several phyla divided into 5 physiological groups
methanogens |
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Phylum Crenarchaeota
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Archaea
mesophilic oceanic species; thermophiles, hyperthermophiles |
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Phylum Euryarchaeota
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archaea
methanogens extreme halophiles(salt loving environment) sulfur metabolizers |
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REVIEW PREVIOUS LECTURES ON CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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not done
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Methanogenesis substrates
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methanogens
anaerobic substrates - H2 + CO2 or formate ATP production by PMF generation |
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Methanogens location
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marine sediments
swamps protozoa rumens |
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One cow produces
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200 - 400 L of CH4/day
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CH4 is a...
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greenhouse gas, but clean-burning fuel
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CH3SCoM --> CH4 via
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Hydrogenase + methyl-CoM methylreductase (F 430) FAD
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HS--CoM --> CH3SCoM
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Methyl-H4-MPT(CH3) joins HS-CoM
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Halobacteria
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dependent on high salt (3-4 M)
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H. salinarium
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purple membrane of bacteriorhodopsin (light-driven proton pump)
halorhodopsin (light driven transporter) 2 sensory rhodopsins control movement, respond to red and blue light |
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Bacteria
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24 phyla; 10 gram neg.; 14 gram positive
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Bacteria classification
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SSU sequences, GC content, metabolism, habitat, phenotype
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Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
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Domain: Bacteria
gram positive outer membrane ornitine in peptidyl x-links lack teichoic acid |
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D. radiodurans
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Bacteria
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus resistant to extreme desiccation and high levels of radiation (both produce DS-DNA breaks) |
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Nucleoids
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tetrad fuse to provide template for fixing DS-DNA breaks
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Cyanobacteria photosynthetic pigments
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chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins
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Purple bacterium: Bchl a
wavelength |
890 nm
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Purple bacterium: Bchl b
wave |
1,100 nm
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Purple bacterium: Bchl e and a
wavelenth |
e-730 nm
a-810 |
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Purple bacterium: Bchl c and a
wavelength |
c-760 nm
a-820 nm |
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photosynthetic non-oxygenic phyla use
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sulfur or organic molecules to provide reducing power to make NAD(P)H
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macronucleus
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Ciliophora
contains copies of a subset of the most frequently transcribed genes (mRNA) |
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micronucleus
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contians genome
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