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394 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what classifications are slowly superceding phenotypic classification system?
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phylogenetic classifications
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what characterization of pure bacterial cultures remains essential for examing bacterial physiology
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phenotypic characterization
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what manual from our notes is divided into groups based on phenotypic characteristics
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Bergey's manual of Systematic bacteriology
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what are some characteristics of staphlococcus aureus?
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gram + cocci in clusters
facultative anaerobes catalase-positive coagulase-positive fermentative non-motile halophiles resistant to environmental stress |
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staphlococcu aureus is:
T or F halophiles T or F motile T or F facultative aerobes T or F fermentative T or F killed by enviromental stress T or F gram(-) cocci in clusters |
1. T- halophile
2. F- non-motile 3. F- facultative anaerobes 4. T fermentative 5. F resistant to enviromental stress 6. Gram + cocci in clusters |
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where are some major habitats of and what is the major transmission site of staphylococcus aureus?
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habitats- nose, skin and ears
transmission site- hand |
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what are some diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus?
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folliculitis
furuncle carbuncle impetigo endocarditis food poisoning osteromyelitis scalded skin syndrome wound infection toxic shock syndrome |
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staphylococcus aureus caused toxic shock syndrome in women is mainly due to what?
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the use of tampons
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staphylococcus aureus caused osteomyelitis is typically found in
A. elderly B. adults C. children D. babies |
C. children
osteomyelitis is typically found in children |
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what is the key player of diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus?
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food poisoning
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staphylococcus aureus caused endocarditis is _________.
A. acute B. abrupt C. onset D. all of the above |
D. all
Acute, abrupt, onset |
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what is staphylococcus aureus caused impetigo is what of the epidermis
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Inflammation of the epidermis
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what are some characteristics of staphylococcus epidermidis?
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gram positive cocci in clusters
catalase positive coagulase negative |
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what is the habitat of staphylococcus epidermidis?
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normal flora of the skin and mucous membrane
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how is staphylococcus epidermidis transmitted?
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Person to Person
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what are some diseases caused by staphylococcus epidermidis?
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subacute bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic heart valves
UTI |
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what are some characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
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gram + in clusters
coagulase negative |
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what are some diseases caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
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urinary tract infection
-cystitis- bacteriuria, hematuria, pyuria -organism is causative agent in 10-20% of UTI in sexually active, young women |
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what are some drugs that staphylococci are resistant to which present a serious problem in medicine today?
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Methicillin
Vancomycin |
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methicillin and vancomycin resistant staphylococci are currently a significant cause of what type of infections in many parts of the world?
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Nosocomial infections
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what are some characteristics of streptococcus pyogenes?
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gram +
catalase negative produce hemolysin, enzyme which lead to hemolysis -alph, beta, and gamma hemolysis |
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incomplete hemolysis olive green to brown?
A. Alpha B. beta C. gamma D. all of the above |
A. Alpha hemolysis
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Step. pneumoniae and viridans (S. mutans, S. mitis and S. salvarius) are all examples of which hemolysis?
A. Alpha B. beta C. gamma D. all of the above |
A. Alpha hemolysis
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which type of hemolysis is known as complete hemolysis?
A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. All of the above |
B. beta hemolysis
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Strep. pyogenes and S. agalactiae are examples of which type of hemolysis?
A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. All of the above |
B. beta hemolysis
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which type of hymolysis is known as no hemolysis?
A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. All of the above |
C. Gamma hemolysis
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enterococcus faecalis is an example of which type of hemolysis?
A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. All of the above |
C. Gamma hemolysis
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what are the groups in which beta hemolytic divided into?
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Group A
Group B |
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beta hemolytic divided into group A and B by what difference.
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A and B differentiates in their cell wall carbohydrates
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what hymolysis group would you find Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium?
a. group A b. group B c. group C d. group D |
d. group D
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what hemolysis group would you find Streptococcus agalactiae?
a. group A b. group B c. group C d. group D |
b. group B
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what hemolysis group would you find Streptococcus pyogenes?
a. group A b. group B c. group C d. group D |
a. group A
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MACA: what Gram-positive cocci would fall under the hymolysis group A
a. Enterococcus faecalis b. Streptococcus agalactiae c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. E. faecium? |
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
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MACA: what Gram-positive cocci would fall under the hymolysis group B
a. Enterococcus faecalis b. Streptococcus agalactiae c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. E. faecium |
b. Streptococcus agalactiae
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MACA: what Gram-positive cocci would fall under the hymolysis group D
a. Enterococcus faecalis b. Streptococcus agalactiae c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. E. faecium |
a. Enterococcus faecalis
d. E. faecium |
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MACA--> what is the normal habitat for Streptococcus pyogenes?Human:
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Throat e. Vagina |
a. Skin
d. Throat |
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what is the normal transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
d. respiratory droplet
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name some Gram-positive cocci group A hymolisis (S. pyogenes).
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strep throat-severe sore throat that may make talking or swallowing painful
necrotizing fasciitis- flesh eating scarlet fever- sore throat, fever, strawberry red tongue, rash usually starts on the chest Rheumatic fever- inflammatory disease from S. pyogenes like strep throat impetigo- superficial skin infection erysipelas- red skin cellulitis-inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin glomerulonephritis-inflammation of the glomeruli otitis media-inflammation of the middle ear sinusitis-inflammation of the paranasal sinuses Toxic Shock syndrome- tampon use |
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MACA: what are some characteristics S. agalactiae?
a. Gram positive b. beta hemolytic c. catalase negative d. catalase positive e. alpha hemolytic |
a. Gram positive
b. beta hemolytic c. catalase negative |
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what is the normal habitat of S. agalactiae?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Throat e. Vagina |
e. Vagina
more specific Human Vagina |
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what is the transmission associated with S. agalactiae?
a. improperly preserved food b. during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
b. during birth
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Neonatal meningitis and septicemia are diseases from what hemolysis group and what gram-positive disease
a. group A, impetigo b. group B, staphylococci saprophyticus c. group D, Enterococcus faecalis d. group A, S. pyogenes e. group B, S. agalactiae |
e. group B, S. agalactiae
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what are some characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis?
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gram-positive chains
catalase negative gamma hemolysis |
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what is the normal habitat and transmission of gram-positive hemolytic Group D Enterococcus faecalis?
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human colon
urethra and female genital tract are part of the normal intestinal flora |
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urinary tract infection, biliary tract infection and endocarditis (rare but life threatening) are all diseases caused by what hemolytic group and what gram-positive cocci
a. group A, impetigo b. group B, staphylococci saprophyticus c. group D, Enterococcus faecalis d. group A, S. pyogenes e. group B, S. agalactiae |
c. group D, Enterococcus faecalis
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name some characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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gram-positive diplococci or short chains
alpha hemolytic catalase negative polysaccharide capsule 85 stereotypes based on antigenicity of polysaccharide capsule |
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what is the normal habitat for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
a. Skin b. Colon c. human upper respiratory d. Throat e. Vagina |
c. human upper respiratory
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what is normally the transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
d. respiratory droplet
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what is a possible cause of meningitis in adults?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
possible cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children |
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what is a possible cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
possible cause of pneumonia and meningitis in adults |
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what causes meningitis in adults and otitis media and sinusitis in children?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
also causes pneumonia in adults |
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what are some characteristics of Viridans group streptococci?
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S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius
gram-positive alpha hemolytic |
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what is the normal habitat of the viridans group streptococci?
a. Skin b. upper respiratory tract c. urethra and female genital d. oropharynx e. Vagina |
d. oropharynx
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how is viridans group streptococci normally transmitted?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. blood stream during dental procedures d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
c. blood stream during dental procedures
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sub-acute bacterial endocarditis and dental caries (S. mutans) are associated with what gram-positive cocci?
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viridans group streptococci
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what are some characteristics of neisseria meningitidis?
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gram-negative diplococci (kidney-bean)
oxidase positive large capsule |
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what is the normal habitat of neisseria meningitidis?
a. Skin b. upper respiratory tract c. urethra and female genital d. oropharynx e. Vagina |
b. upper respiratory tract
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how is neisseria meningitidis normally transmitted?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
d. respiratory droplet
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meningitis and meningococcemia are diseases from what gram-negative cocci?
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neisseria meningitidis
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what are some characteristics of Neisseria gonorhoeae?
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gram-negative "kidney-bean" diplococci
oxidase positive insignificant capsule pili |
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what is the normal habitat for Neisseria gonorhoeae?
a. Skin b. upper respiratory tract c. genital tract d. oropharynx |
c. genital tract
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MACA: what are some ways in which Neisseria gonorhoeae are transmitted?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
b. neonates during birth
c. sexual contact |
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pelvic inflammatory disease and neonatal conjunctivitis are from which gram negative cocci?
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Neisseria gonorhoeae
also causes gonorrhea |
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MACA: gram-positive rods endospore-forming have/are?
a. edospores b. oxidase negative c. ferment lactose d. bacillus and clostridium |
a. edospores
d. bacillus and clostridium NOT: b. b/c its oxidase + c. b/c it ferments glucose not lactose |
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what are some characteristics of Bacillus anthracis?
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aerobic
non-motile spore forming rods capsule |
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what is the normal habitat for Bacillus anthracis?
a. Skin b. upper respiratory tract c. urethra and female genital d. oropharynx e. soil |
e. soil
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how is Bacillus anthracis usually transmitted?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. inhalation of spores e. contact with the infected |
d. inhalation of spores
e. contact with infected animal |
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anthrax is a disease caused by what gram-positive Rods endospore-forming bacteria?
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Bacillus anthracis
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what are some characteristics of Bacillus cereus?
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aerobic
spore forming |
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what is the usual habitat for Bacillus cereus?
a. Skin b. Rice c. Wheat d. Throat e. Vagina |
b. rice
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what is the usual transmission of Bacillus cereus?
a. contaminated food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
a. contaminated food
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food poisoning can be caused by which gram-positive Rods endospore-forming bacteria?
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Bacillus cereus
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name some characteristics of Clostridium tetani?
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anaerobic
endospores ubiquitous in nature |
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what is the usual habitat for Clostridium tetani?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Soil e. Vagina |
d. Soil
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how is Clostridium tetani usually transmitted?
a. traumatic breaks in the skin b. fecal oral c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
a. traumatic breaks in the skin
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tetanus or lock jaw could be caused by what anerobic gram-positive rods which are endospore-forming?
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clostridium tetani
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what are some characteristics of clostridium botulinum?
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anaerobic
spore forming |
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what is the usual habitat for clostridium botulinum?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Soil e. Vagina |
d. Soil
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how is clostridium botulinum normally transmitted?
a. traumatic breaks in the skin b. fecal oral c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. improperly prepared food |
e. improperly prepared food
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Botulisum is a disease caused by what anaerobic gram-positive rods which are endospore-forming?
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clostridium botulinum
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what are some characteristics of clostridium difficile?
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anaerobic
spore-forming |
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what is the normal habitat for clostridium difficile?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Throat e. Vagina |
b. Colon
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how is clostridium difficile normally transmitted?
a. traumatic breaks in the skin b. fecal oral c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. improperly prepared food |
b. fecal oral
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pseudomembranous colitis is a disease caused by what anaerobic gram-positive bacteria which endospore?
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clostridium difficile
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antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and clostridium difficile disease (CDD) are common conditions linked to the use of what?
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antibiotics
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what is an effective treatment for treating clostridium difficile disease (CDD) and antibiotic-associated Diarrhea(AAD)?
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Probiotics
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what is an effective treatment for CDD?
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probiotics
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what is an effective treatment for AAD?
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probiotics
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what are some characteristics for clostridium perfringens?
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anaerobic
gram positive rods spore-forming (endospore) |
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MACA: what is the normal habitat and transmission sites for Clostridium perfringens?
a. soil b. vagina c. upper respiratory d. colon e. respiratory droplets |
a. Soil
b. Vagina d. Colon |
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MACA: gas gangrene is named this because of the Gases it produces what are this gas
a. CO2 b. Oxygen c. CO d. hydrogen |
a. CO2
d. hydrogen |
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gas gangrene (myonecrosis) and food poisoning are diseases cased by what anaerobic gram-positive rods which are endospore-forming bacteria?
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clostridium perfringens
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what is another name for gas gangrene?
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myonecrosis
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what are some characteristics of corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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Gram-positive
aerobic non-spore forming club-shaped arrange in V or L shape |
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what is the normal habitat for corynebacterium diphtheriae?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Anus d. Throat e. Vagina |
d. Throat
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how is the corynebacterium diphtheriae normally transmitted?
a. improperly preserved food b. neonates during birth c. sexual contact d. respiratory droplet e. touch |
d. respiratory droplet
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diphtheria is a disease which can be caused by what gram-positive non-spore forming rods?
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corynebacterium diptheriae
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what are some characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes?
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gram-positive
non-spore forming rods aerobic can grow at 40C* |
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MACA: what is the normal habitat for Listeria monocytogenes in humans?
a. Skin b. GI tract c. Female genital tract d. oropharynx e. upper respiratory tract |
b. GI tract
c. Female genital tract |
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MACA: what is the normal habitat for Listeria monocytogenes in nature, in animals?
a. plants b. GI tract c. soil d. female genital tract |
a. plants
c. soil |
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MACA: how is Listeria monocytogenes transmitted normally?
a. across placenta b. ingestion of unpasteurized milk products and soft cheese c. improperly stored food d. water e. vegetation |
a. across placenta
b. ingestion of unpasteurized milk products and soft cheese d. water e. vegetation |
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what gram-positive non-spore forming rods can be transmitted through ingestion of water, hot-dog, coleslaw, and soft cheese?
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Listeria monocytogenes
also: can cross placenta ingestion of unpasteurized milk products |
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meningitis and sepsis in newborns and immunocompromised adults and gastroenteritis are diseases caused by what gram-positive non-spore forming bacteria?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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what are some characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophillus?
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Gram-positive
non-spore forming rods obligate fermenter pairs or chains of various lengths |
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MACA: what is the normal habitat and transmission sites for Lactobacillus acidophillus?
a. ubiquitous b. vagina c. intestinal tract d. oral cavity e. epidermis |
a. ubiquitous
b. vagina c. intestinal tract d. oral cavity also: acidic pH |
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what bacterias habitat and transmission sites are: ubiquitous, vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity?
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Lactobacillus acidophillus
also: acidic pH |
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T or F Lactobacillus acidophillus can be treated by ingesting probiotics to destroy it
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F
Lactobacillus is known as a good probiotic |
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what are some characteristics of propionibacterium acnes?
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gram-positive
non-spore-forming anaerobe pleomorphic |
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what is the normal habitat and transmission site for propionibacterium acne?
a. throat b. genital tract c. intestinal tract d. skin e. neonates during birth |
c. intestinal tract
d. skin |
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acne vulgaris is a disease caused but what gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods bacteria?
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porpionibacterium acnes
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what disease is caused by propionbacterium acnes cause what disease?
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acne vulgaris
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what are some characteristics of Gardnerella vaginalis?
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gram-positive
non-spore forming rods aerotolerant fastidious gram variable |
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what is the normal habitat for Gardnerella vaginalis?
a. gastrointestinal tract b. respiratory tract c. genitourinary tract d. epidermis of genital |
c. genitourinary tract
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MACA: how is Gardnerella vaginalis usually transmitted?
a. respiratory droplets b. sexual c. during birth d. oral fecal e. across placenta |
b. sexual
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nonspecific bacterial vaginosis is a disease caused by what gram+ non-spore forming bacteria?
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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Gardnerella vaginalis can cause what disease?
a. gonorrhea b. pelvic inflammatory disease c. urinary tract infection d. nonspecific bacterial vaginosis |
d. nonspecific bacterial vaginosis
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what are some characteristics of escherichia coli?
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gram-negative
enteric rods facultative anaerobe motile peritrichous flagella ferment lactose |
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T or F escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacteria which is facultative aerobe, motile and ferments glucose
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False
escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacteria which is facultative ANAEROBE, motile and ferments LACTOSE |
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MACA:what is the most common habitat for escherichia coli?
a. nose b. colon c. urethra d. vagina e. upper respiratory tract |
b. colon
c. urethra d. vagina |
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what is the most common types of transmission for escherichia coli?
a. improperly preserved food b. oral-fecal c. respiratory droplets d. sexual e. during birth |
b. oral-fecal
d. sexual |
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urinary tract infection, sepsis, neonatal meningitis and traveler's diarrhea are all causes of what possible bacteria?
|
escherichia coli
gram-negative enteric rods |
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what are some diseases which are caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?
|
travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in infants
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enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) can cause what disease?
|
disease closely resembling that caused by shigella
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enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) can cause what disease?
|
diarrheal outbreaks in hospital nurseries and in bottle-fed infants
|
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what E. coli can cause diarrheal outbreaks in hospital nurseries and in bottle-fed infants
|
enteropathogenic E. coli
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what are some characteristics of salmonella typhi?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods motile facultative anaerobe non-lactose fermenter produces H2S killed by acid divided into more than 2500 serotypes based on differences in their somatic (O), flagellar (H), and capsular (K) antigens typhoid marry reservoir gall bladder |
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what is the most common habitat for salmonella typhi?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Vagina d. Throat |
b. Colon
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MACA: how is salmonella typhi most commonly transmitted?
a. sexual b. respiratory droplets c. eggs d. poultry e. fecal-oral spread |
c. eggs
d. poultry e. fecal-oral spread |
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typhoid fever can be caused by what gram-negative bacteria?
|
salmonella typhi
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salmonella typhi can be the cause of what disease?
|
typhoid fever
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what are some characteristics of shigella species (S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei)?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods non-motile facultative anaerobic non-lactose fermenter |
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what is the most common habitat of shigella species (S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei)?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Urinary tract d. Throat e. Vagina |
b. Colon
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how is shigella species (S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei) most commonly transmitted?
a. neonates during birth b. cross the placenta c. sexual d. fecal-oral e. contact with infected individual |
d. fecal-oral
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enterocolitis is caused by what gram-negative bacteria?
|
shigella species (S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei)
enterocolitis is more commonly known as dysentery |
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what is the more commonly known name of enterocolitis
|
dysentery
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what are some characteristics of vibrio cholera?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods comma-shaped facultative anaerobe motile by a single polar flagellum |
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gram-negative, enteric rods, comma-shaped, facultative anaerobe, motile by a single polar flagellum are all characteristics of what bacteria?
|
vibrio cholera
|
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what is the most common habitat of vibrio cholera?
a. Skin b. Colon c. Vagina d. Throat |
b. Colon
|
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how is vibrio cholera most commonly transmitted?
a. oral fecal b. respiratory droplets c. contact with infected d. sexual |
a. oral fecal
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what bacteria is the most common cause of cholera?
|
vibrio cholera
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what are some characteristics of Vibro parahemolyticus?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods comma-shaped found in warm sea water acquired by ingesting contaminated raw sea food outbreaks have occurred on cruise ships diarrhea is toxin mediated |
|
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what is the habitat in which you would find vibro parahemoyticus?
|
found in warm sea water
|
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what is the usual way that vibro parahemoyticus is transmitted?
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acquired by ingesting contaminated sea food
|
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what are some conditions in which vibro parahemoyticus would produce?
|
diarrhea is toxin mediated
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where are some large scale outbreaks occurred for vibro parahemoyticus?
|
cruise ships
|
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what are some characteristics of campylobacter jejuni?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods comma-shaped motile with single polar flagellum responsible for 5-14% of worldwide diarrhea US 2.1 to 2.4 million cases per year |
|
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what is the normal habitat of campylobacter jejuni?
|
Human and animal feces
wild birds and ducks |
|
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how is campylobacter jejuni normally transmitted?
|
fecal-oral
poultry is a common source |
|
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what is the disease caused by campylobacter jejuni?
|
enterocolitis
travelers diarrhea and waterborne illness |
|
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what are some characteristics of klebsiella pneumoniae
|
gram-negative
enteric rods facultative anaerobe large polysaccharide capsule |
|
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what is the normal habitat of klebsiella pneumoniae?
|
human enteric tract and upper respiratory tract
|
|
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how is klebsiella pneumoniae normally transmitted?
|
aspiration from upper respiratory tract and by inhalation of respiratory droplets
urinary tract by ascending spread of fecal flora |
|
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what disease are caused by klebsiella pneumoniae?
|
pneumonia
UTI sepsis |
|
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what are some characteristics of helicobacter pylori?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods Motile with multiple flagella curved urease positive |
|
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what is the normal habitat of helicobacter pylori?
|
human stomach
|
|
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how is helicobacter pylori normally transmitted?
|
fecal-oral transmission
|
|
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what diseases are caused by helicobacter pylori?
|
gastritis
peptic ulcer disease (10-20%) gastric carcinoma |
|
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what diseases are caused by both enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter cloacae?
|
UTI and Respiratory tract infection
|
|
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what are some characteristics of serratia marcescens
|
gram-negative
eneteric rods facultative anaerobe motile produces red pigment at room temperature highly antibiotic resistant |
|
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what are some diseases caused by serratia marcescens?
|
nosocomial pneumonia
UTI and sepsis |
|
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what are some characteristics of proteus species (P. vulgaris & P. merabilis)?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods facultative anaerobes highly motile non-lactose fermenter produces urease |
|
|
what is the normal habitat of proteus species (P. vulgaris & P. merabilis)?
|
human colon
environment - Soil and water |
|
|
how is proteus species (P. vulgaris & P. merabilis) normally transmitted?
|
to urinary tract by ascending spread of fecal flora
|
|
|
what are some diseases caused by Porteus species (P. vulgaris & P. merabilis)?
|
UTI
sepsis |
|
|
what are some characteristics of pseudomonad aeruginosa?
|
gram-negative
enteric rods aerobic non-lactose fermenter oxidase positive pyocyanin (blue-green pigment) |
|
|
what is the normal habitat for pseudomonad aeruginosa?
|
environmental water sources e.g. hospital humidifiers and respirators
skin, upper respiratory tract and colon 10% |
|
|
how is pseudomonad aeruginosa normally transmitted?
|
water aerosols, aspiration and fecal contamination
|
|
|
what diseases does Pseudomonad aeruginosa cause?
|
importatin in burn and immunocompromised patients
urinary tract infections respiratory tract infections dermatitis soft tissue infection bacteremia bone and joint infections gastrointestinal infections |
|
|
what are some characteristics of haemophilus influenzae?
|
gram-negative
rods respiratory small coccobacillary rods fastidious requires factors X and V out of 6 (a of f) capsular polysaccharide types, type b causes 95% of invasive disease |
|
|
what is the normal habitat of haemophilus influenzae?
|
upper respiratory tract
|
|
|
how is haemophilus influenzae usually transmitted?
|
respiratory droplets
|
|
|
what diseases does haemophilus influenzae cause?
|
menigitis
pneumonia otitis media sinusitis epiglottitis tracheobronchitis |
|
|
what is the second most common cause of community acquired pneumonia?
|
Haemohilus influenzae
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia?
|
streptococcal pneumoniae
|
|
|
what bacteria causes pink eye?
|
Haemophilus aegyptius
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of legionella?
|
gram-negative
rods respiratory intracellular bacterium obligate aerobe catalase positive |
|
|
where is the normal habitat of legionella?
|
environmental water sources
|
|
|
how is legionella normally transmitted?
|
via aerosol from water source
|
|
|
what is the bacteria which causes legionnaires disease
|
legionella
|
|
|
what are some symptoms of legionella pneumophila?
|
gradual onset of flu-like symptoms
fever, chills, and a dry cough as part of the early symptoms can spread to GI tract and the CNS |
|
|
characteristics of bordetella pertussis
|
gram-negative
rods respiratory small gram-negative rods strict aerobes |
|
|
what is the normal habitat of bordetella pertussis?
|
human respiratory tract
|
|
|
how is bordetella pertussis normally transmitted?
|
respiratory droplet
|
|
|
what diseases are caused by bordetella pertussis?
|
whooping cough (pertussis)
vaccine DaPT |
|
|
yershinia pestis characteristics
|
gram-negative rods related to animal source (zoonotic organism)
intracellular enterobacterium grows at 28*C plasmids with virulence genes resist killing by phagocytic cells |
|
|
what animals carry yershinia pestis?
|
wild rodents ( rats, praire dogs, and squirrels)
|
|
|
how is yershinia pestis normally transmitted?
|
flea bite (vector)
|
|
|
what are some deadly disease which yersinia pestis causes?
|
bubonic plague
pneumonic plague |
|
|
what is another name for Black Death?
|
Plague
|
|
|
how many people died of yersinia pestis in the 14th century and what was its duration?
|
25million in a period of only 5 years in 14th century Europe
the Black Death |
|
|
T or F Black Death has been considered as a potential biological weapon
|
True
more specific Yersinia pestis |
|
|
what are some characteristics of pasteurella multocida?
|
small gram negative rods
|
|
|
what is the most common habitat for pasteurella multocida?
|
mouth of many animals especially cats and dogs
|
|
|
how is pasteurella multocida usually transmitted?
|
animal bite
|
|
|
what disease is caused by pastuerella multocida?
|
wound infection e.g. cellulitis
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of brucella species (B. abortis, B. suis, B. melitensis)?
|
strict aerobe
gram-negative coccobacillus |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for brucella species?
|
domestic livestock
|
|
|
how is brucella species usually transmitted?
|
via unpasteurized mild and cheese or direct contact with the infected animal
|
|
|
what are some diseases caused by brucella species?
|
brucellosis (undulant fever or bangs disease)
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of francisella?
|
gram-negative
non-motile strict aerobe |
|
|
what is the most common habitat of francisella?
|
wild animals especially rabbits, deer and rodents
|
|
|
how is francisella normally transmitted?
|
tick (Dermacentor)
aerosols contact and ingestion |
|
|
what disease is caused by francisella?
|
tularemia (Rabbit fever or Tick fever)
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of bartonella hensellae?
|
pleomorphic gram-negative rods
|
|
|
what is the most common habitat for bartonella hensellae?
|
oral flora of many cats
|
|
|
how is bartonella hensellae normally transmitted?
|
cat scratches and bites
Cat Scratch Fever |
|
|
what are some diseases transmitted by bartonella hensellae?
|
cat scratch fever
bacillary angionmatosis visceral peliosis |
|
|
what are some characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
|
aerobic
acid fast rods high lipid content in cell wall mycolic acid grows very slowly- generation time 12-24 hours catalase positive resistant to drying, disinfectants and strong acids killed by pasteurization |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
|
human lungs
|
|
|
how is mycobacterium tuberculosis usually transmitted?
|
via respiratory droplets produced by coughing
|
|
|
what is a diesase in which mycobacterium tuberculosis causes?
|
tuberculosis
|
|
|
what symptoms would you expect if you had received Mycobacterium tuberculosis while talking close with someone who had it? (respiratory droplets)
|
chronic fever
chronic cough weight loss night sweats rusty sputum Granuloma caseous necrosis |
|
|
if you recently talked to someone inside the hospital and later came down with these symptoms: chronic fever&cough, night sweats, rusty sputum, granuloma, caseous necrosis and weight loss what disease might you have caught in the hospital?
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of mycobacterium leprae?
|
Acid fast rods
Aerobic optimal growth at cooler temperature so it affects cooler parts of the body such as skin, nose and peripheral nerves |
|
|
what is the most common habitats for mycobacterium leprae?
|
humans
nine band armadillos |
|
|
what is the most common way mycobacterium leprae is transmitted?
|
nasal secretions
|
|
|
what disease can be contracted from mycobacterium leprae?
|
leprosy (hansen disease)
2 types tuberculoid leprosy lepromatous leprosy |
|
|
what are 2 types of leprosy contracted by mycobacterium leprae?
|
tuberculoid leprosy
lepromatous leprosy |
|
|
what is tuberculoid leprosy?
|
strong cell-mediated immune response
non-progressive form |
|
|
what is leproatous leprosy?
|
weak cell-mediated immune response, strong antibody response
progressive loss of facial features, digits and body structure |
|
|
what tuberculosis like disease is especially prevalent in AIDS patients and are often drug-resistant?
|
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of treponema pallidum ?
|
motile
corkscrew shape axial filaments |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for treponema pallidum?
|
human genital tract
|
|
|
how is treponema pallidum usually transmitted?
|
sexual contact
mother to fetus across placenta |
|
|
what disease is associated with treponema pallidum?
|
syphilis
|
|
|
what diseases do these pathogens cause?
treponema pallidum- treponema pertenue- treponema carateum- |
pallidum- syphilis
pertenue- yaws carateum- pinta |
|
|
what stage of syphilis is in the 3rd week?
|
technically both primary stage (week 3) and secondary stage (week 2-10)
|
|
|
what stage of syphilis occurs weeks to months following the infection, characterized by forming a hard chancre, generally found on the genitals, and has lesions which are painless, red ulcer filled with treponemas and is therefore highly contagious?
|
the primary stage
|
|
|
what stage of syphilis invade the blood vessels and is carried through the body causing fever, runny nose&watery nose, aches&pains, sore throat, skin rash that spreads from the palms and soles towards the trunk, and whitish patches on the mucous membrane?
|
secondary stage
|
|
|
what stage of syphilis erupt following the latency and can affect all areas of the body and is fatal; cardiovascular and neurological involvement are the most frequent causes of death; disfiguring lesions who appearance is called "gummas" and these lesions are large granulomass resulting from hypersensitivity reactions?
|
tertiary stage
|
|
|
what type of syphilis is formed in utero by crossing the placenta?
|
congenital syphilis
|
|
|
what are some common traits of congenital syphilis?
|
Hutchinson's triad
-interstitial keratitis - notched incisors -eighth nerve deafness |
|
|
what disease caused by a treponema bacteria which is a skin infection initially presents as a raised papule, followed by a generalized eruption of flat, reddened areas, and is followed by the development of bluish coloration and a subsequent losss of pigmentation?
|
pinta caused be Treponema carteun
|
|
|
T or F Pinta is found in children whos living conditions are of poor hygiene?
|
T
|
|
|
what disease caused by a treponema bacteria is a tropical infection of the skin, bones, and joints which is transmitted from person to person?
|
Yaws casued by Treponema pertenue
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of borrelia burgdorferi?
|
spirochetes
flexible motile darkfield microscopy |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for borrelia burgdorferi?
|
white footed mouse
vector-ixodes scapularis (deer tick or black legged tick) 80% of deer ticks are infected |
|
|
how is borrelia burgforferi most commonly transmitted?
|
tick bites for longer than 24 hours
most common tick borne disease in the USA |
|
|
what disease is caused by borrelia burgforferi?
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
what are some characteristics found in stage 1 of Lyme disease?
|
days to weeks after tick bite
erythema migrants or bull's eye rash which is the hallmark only seen in 2/3 cases red bump to circle of 15cm symptoms- fatigue, chills, fever, stiff neck, joint and muscle pain |
|
|
fatigue, chills, fever, stiff neck, joint&muscle pain, and a red bump to circle of 15cm what stage of lyme disease is this
|
Stage 1
|
|
|
what stage of lyme disease are you in if it has been 2-8 weeks after the rash formed?
|
stage 2
|
|
|
what stage of lyme disease affects the heart by impairing electrical conduction causing dizziness, fainting and affects the nervous system by paralyzing the face, severe headache, pain on moving eyes, difficulty concentrating, emotional instability, and nerve impairment of the arms and legs
|
stage 2
|
|
|
in stage 2 of lyme disease what might you see?
|
affects the heart by impairing electrical conduction causing dizziness, fainting
affects the nervous system by paralyzing the face, severe headache, pain on moving eyes, difficulty concentrating, emotional instability, and nerve impairment of the arms and legs |
|
|
what stage of lyme disease are you in if it has been 6months after rash from tick bite?
|
stage 3
|
|
|
what stage of lyme disease has swelling and tenderness in joints and chronic impairment of nervous system like paralysis, depression, and localized path?
|
stage 3
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of chlamydia trachomatis?
|
obligate intracellular parasite
gram-negative rods infectious form is called elementary body non-infectious form is reticulate body |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for chlamydia trachomatis?
|
Human genital tract and eyes
|
|
|
how is chlamydia trachomatis most commonly transmitted?
|
sexual contact
neonate through birth canal hand to eye contact |
|
|
what are some diseases caused by chlamydia trachomatis?
|
nongonococcal urethritis cervicitis, inclusion, conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum), lymphgranuloma venerum, trachoma and pneumonia in infants
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of chlamydia pneumoniae?
|
gram negative rods
obligate intracellular parasites infectious form called elementary rods noninfectious form called reticulate body |
|
|
what is the main habitat for chlamydia pneumoniae?
|
human respiratory tract
|
|
|
how is chlamydia pneumoniae transmitted usually ?
|
respiratory aerosol
|
|
|
what disease is caused by chlamydia pneumoniae?
|
atypical pneumonia
|
|
|
what are some causes of chlamydia psittaci?
|
parrot fever (psittacosis)
primarily the disease of birds habitats transmission through via aerosol of dried bird feces |
|
|
what are some characteristics of rickettsia rickettsii?
|
small
non-motile gram-negative (-) coccobacilli |
|
|
what is the most common habitat for rickettsia rickettsii?
|
dogs
rodents |
|
|
how is rickettsia rickettsii normally transmitted?
|
via ticks dermacentor (dog) ticks
replicate in the cytoplasm and nucleus of their host cell |
|
|
what diseases are caused by these species of rickettsia:
rickettsia prowazekii- rickettsia typhi- rickettsia rickettsii- |
prowazekii- epidemic typhus
typhi- endemic typhus rickettsii- rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
|
what are some causes of rickettsia prowazekii?
|
epidemic typhus
|
|
|
how is rickettsia prowazekii transmitted?
|
via body lice
|
|
|
what are some symptoms of rickettsia prowazekii?
|
sudden onset of intense headache
malaise generalized myalgia macular skin eruption vascular and neurologic disturbances |
|
|
what are some characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
|
smallest free-living organism
no cell wall no gram stain cholesterol in cell membrane pleomorphic, and resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin colonies have a fried egg appearance lack of seasonality common in summer and fall |
|
|
what is the most common habitat of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
|
human resiratory tract
|
|
|
how is mycoplasma pneumoniae normally transmitted?
|
respiratory droplets
|
|
|
what disease is caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae?
|
Atypical pneunmonia
|
|
|
how is haemophilus durcreyi (chancroid) transmitted?
|
sexually
|
|
|
what are some symptoms of haemophilus durcreyi (chancroid)?
|
characterized by single or multiple painful soft chancre, painful and enlarged regional lymph node
|
|
|
T or F in some areas of the U.S. chancroid is endemic and it is known to occur in discrete outbreaks
|
True
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of Bacteroides? (B. fragilis)
|
anaerobic gram negative rods
no endotoxin large capsule |
|
|
where does Bacteroides (B. fragilis) most commonly inhabit?
|
the GIT
|
|
|
how is Bacteroides (B. fragilis) normally transmitted?
|
abscess after sever trauma to gut and abdominal region
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of fusobacterium (F. nucleatum)?
|
anarobic gram negative rods
spindle-shaped |
|
|
where does fusobacterium (F. nucleatum) normally inhabit?
|
normal gut
|
|
|
what are some affects of fusobacterium nucleatum?
|
sinusitis, pleuropulmonary infections and gingivitis
|
|
|
what is parasitology?
|
the study of parasites
|
|
|
bacteria, viruses, protozoae, helminths, and arthropodes that live at the expense of the host are called?
|
parasites
|
|
|
parasites which cause disease are called?
|
pathogens
|
|
|
what lives on the surface of other organisms?
|
ectoparasites
|
|
|
what lives within the body of other organisms?
|
endoparasites
(protozoae, helminths) |
|
|
ticks, lice, and mites are what type of parasites?
|
ectoparasites
live on surface of other organism |
|
|
protozoae and helminths are what type of parasites?
|
endoparasites
live within the body of other organisms |
|
|
what type of parasites spend at least some of their lifecycle in or on a host?
|
obligate parasites
e.g. protozoa that cause malaria invade RBC's |
|
|
what type of parasites normally free living (soil fungi), but they can obtain nutrients from a host?
|
facultative parasites
e.g. fungi which infect humans ( skin, systemic infections) |
|
|
T or F parasites are also characterized according to the duration of their association with their host
|
true
|
|
|
this type of parasite remains in their host once they have invaded?
|
permanent parasites
e.g. tapeworm |
|
|
this type of parasite feed on and leave the host
|
temporary parasites
e.g. biting insects |
|
|
this type of parasites invade other than their normal host?
|
accidental parasites
e.g. ticks (normally attach dog/wild animals; occasionally attach humans) |
|
|
what is known as the living together of two dissimilar organisms or sybionts
|
symbiosis
|
|
|
what is known as an association in which both partners benefit
|
mutualism
e.g. intestinal bacteria synthesize vit K and vit B |
|
|
what is known as as association in which one partner benefits but other remains unharmed
|
commensalism
|
|
|
what is known as an association in which one organism, the parasite derives benefit at the expense of the other organism, the host
|
parasitism
|
|
|
what is any living organism that can carry disease-causing microbe from one host to another host
|
vector
|
|
|
what is a vector in which the parasite go through part of its life cycle within the host
|
biological vector
e.g. malaria mosquito is both a host and a biological vector |
|
|
what is an organism such as a fly that physically moves contaminated material from one location to another
|
mechanical vector
|
|
|
what type of host harbors sexually reproducing stage of the parasite
|
e.g. malaria (anopheles mosquito)
|
|
|
what type of host in which parasite undergoes asexual reproduction
|
intermediate host
e.g. malaria (humans) |
|
|
what type of host source of disease-causing organism
|
reservoir host
e.g. plague: wild rats, mice and praire dogs are natural reservoirs |
|
|
what are capable of evading/avoiding host's defense mechanisms by frequently changing antigens
|
parasites
|
|
|
formation of outer covering that protects from unfavorable factors is called?
|
encystment
|
|
|
T or F parasites can change antigens faster than host's ability to make antibody's
|
True
|
|
|
what are the types of damage done by parasites to a host?
|
Rob host of nutrients
significant trauma to host tissue open sores on skin, destroy tissue cells clog/damage blood/lymphatic vessels can lead to internal hemorrhage may trigger sever inflammatory and immunological reaction |
|
|
eukaryotic cells vs. parasites
|
eukaryotic cells
more complex structure true nucleus membrane-bound structures may be single-celled or multicellular ribosomal RNA 80S kingdom protista -algae & protozoa kingdom fungi -fungi, such as mushrooms, molds and yeasts kingdom animal -helminths |
|
|
what are some classifications of the eucarya?
|
algae
protozoa fungi molds arthropods helminths |
|
|
what classification of eucary are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that contain chlorophyll?
|
Algae
|
|
|
T or F algae is found only near in fresh or salt water.
|
False
algae is also found in soil |
|
|
T or F algae is multicellular but not unicellular
|
False
algae is both unicellular and multicellular |
|
|
what is a structure that resembles a root primarily serves to anchor the organism?
|
Holdfast
|
|
|
T or F algae cause diseases directly in humans by producing toxins
|
False
algae do not cause disease directly in humans, but they produce toxins |
|
|
in which way/s do algae reproduce?
|
Asexual
-binary fission -mitosis -fragmentation Sexual -meiosis --haploid cells, gametes, and diploid cells |
|
|
what is based on their major photosynthetic pigments?
|
Algae
more specific: Red algae (seaweed) used to make agar Brown algae (kelp) -used in foods -provides smoothness to cheese spreads and mayonnaise -added to beer to retain its foamy head |
|
|
dinoflagellates of group pyrrophyta produce what?
|
red tides
|
|
|
gymnodinium breve produces what toxin which kills fish?
|
breve-toxin which kills fish
|
|
|
what symptoms do humans develop from the algae gymnodinium breve?
|
they develop symptoms of intoxication
- tingling sensation of mouth and fingers - reversal of hot and cold sensation -reduced pules rate -diarrhea .recovery in 2-3 days |
|
|
after consumption of gymnodinium breve about how long is the recovery time for the intoxication to wear off?
|
2-3 days
|
|
|
red tides cuased by dinoflagellate of the genus __________ are more serious.
|
Gonyaulax
specific- produces neurotoxin (saxiton and gonyautoxins) |
|
|
what do shellfish such as clams, mussels, scallops and oysters feed on which gives us paralytic shellfish poisoning
|
dinoflagellates from glonyaulax
|
|
|
when humans consume shellfish which have eaten gonyaulax dinoflagellates what symptoms happen to them?
|
paralytic shellfish poisoning
-can't be cooked out - generalized numbness - dizziness - general muscle weakness - impaired respiration - death can result from respiratory failure |
|
|
what type of toxin does gonyaulax produce and be specific?
|
Neurotoxins
- saxiton - gonyautoxins |
|
|
after going to RED LOBSTER you developed the symptoms listed below what could you have consumed and what did you contracted?
numbness dizziness muscle weakness impaired respiration |
shellfish (clams, mussels, scallops an oysters)
paralytic shellfish poisoning specifically-from the shellfish which fed on goyaulax dinoflagellates which produce neurotoxins such as saxiton and gonyautoxins |
|
|
2 days after eating at red lobster and having a few drinks you still feel intoxicated. what might you have consumed and how long might you expect it to last for?
|
shellfish- nuerotoxic shellfish poisoning- which is where the shellfish eating Brevetoxin
may last 2-3 days specific- many cases have been reported and some where hospitalization were required but no deaths have been associated with it. |
|
|
what are microscopic, unicellular organisms that lack chlorophyll?
|
Protozoa
|
|
|
T or F Protozoa are free-living in marine&fresh water and terrestrial environments
|
True
|
|
|
when conditions become unfavorable what do protozoa do?
|
encyst
|
|
|
what is protozoa known for in the ecosystem?
|
decomposers
|
|
|
what are some host for the parasites protozoa?
|
it ranges from Algae to Human
|
|
|
T or F protozoa are an important part of the food chain.
|
True
decomposers |
|
|
T or F protozoa are not ever motile
|
False
are motile in at least 1 stage of development |
|
|
single protozoan species can be found at different stages of the life cycle (ameba, flagellate, cyst)what is this called
|
Polymorphic
|
|
|
what is the protozoan vegetative form?
|
trophozite
|
|
|
what is the protozoan resting form?
|
cyst
|
|
|
protozoa lack a cell wall but most maintain a definite shape using the underlying ______
|
ectoplasm
|
|
|
protozoa lack a ______ but most maintain a definite shape using the underlying ectoplasm
|
cell wall
|
|
|
T or F protozoan life cycle is often simple but include more than one habitat.
|
False
life cycle is often complex and include more than one habitat. |
|
|
what two ways do protozoa feed?
|
phagocytosis or pinocytosis
|
|
|
how do protozoa often reproduce?
|
binary fission
|
|
|
when the nucleus divides a number of times before individual daughter cells are produced is called?
|
multiple fission or schizogony
|
|
|
what is schizogony
|
AKA: multiple fission- when the nucleus divides a number of times before individual daughter cells are produced
|
|
|
protozoa have traditionally been grouped based on what?
|
their mode of locomotion
|
|
|
what are the 4 types of mastigophora?
|
trypanosoma SPP
leishmania SPP trichomonas vaginalis giardia lamblia |
|
|
what are the 2 types of sarcondina?
|
naeglaria fowleri
entamoeba histoytica |
|
|
what are the 4 phylums of protozoa?
|
sarcomastigophora
aplcomplexa microspora cilophora |
|
|
what are the 5 types of telosporea?
|
plamodium spp
toxoplasma gondii cryptosporidium parvum cyclospora cayetanensis isospora belli |
|
|
what is the 1 known type of cilophora?
|
balantidium coli
|
|
|
what is the 1 known type of microspora?
|
microsporidium
|
|
|
what are the 2 types of the phylum sarcomatigophora?
|
mastigophora
sarcodina |
|
|
what is the 1 type of the phylum aplcomplexa which gives rise to 5 other classifications?
|
telosporea
|
|
|
what is known as the flagellated protozoa?
|
Mastigophora from the phylum sarcomastigophora
|
|
|
what type of mastigophora has cutaneous, mucocutaneous and viseral also known as "Kala-azar"
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leishmania species
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what is the vector of the leishmania species of protozoa?
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sandfly (phlebotomus)
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what is the most sever type of leishmania?
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visceral leishmaniasis
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what type of leishmania: parasite spreads throughout the entire body by infecting macrophages(immune cells) that in turn carry it to the spleen, liver and bone marrow
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systemic, visceral or kala-azar leishmania
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what is the most common mastigophora infection in the U.S
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Giardia species
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what is the habitat for the type of mastigophora- giardia species
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contaminated mountain streams
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in what stage is mastigophora giardia species resistant to chlorine?
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cyst stage concentration of about 1-2 parts/million
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what can mastigophora giardia species cause in humans?
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acute or chronic diarrhea
upper abdominal pain and discomfort severe malabsorption syndrome, bulky stool |
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which mastigophora is a sexual transmitted disease
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trichomonas vaginalis
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which mastigophora has pruritus, malodrous frothy, yellow-green discharge
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trichomonas vaginalis
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what are some diseases in which men contract from Mastigophora- trichomonas vaginalis
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occasional urethritis, prostatitis, and other urinary tract problems
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mastigophora hemoflagellates are found where?
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in blood or lymph fluids
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T or F mastigophora hemoflagellates have a short slender body
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False
mastigophora hemoflagellates have a LONG slender body |
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how are mastigophora hemoflagellates usually transmitted?
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bites or feces of blood-feeding insects
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what class of mastigophora causes African sleeping sickness? and how is it transmitted?
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trypanosoma brucei
transmitted by the tsetse fly |
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what are some symptoms associated with mastigophora- hemoflagellate-trypansoma species
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first a tender nodules at bite site
next parasite enters in the blood causing fever, enlarge lymph node, and headache finally invade CNS result in meningoencephalitis characterized by gradual loss of interest, coma and death |
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what is the vector and symptoms of trypanosoma: cruzi
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REDUVIIDAE bug or kissing bug- steals blood by painlessly peircing the lips, eyelids, or ears of a sleeping human victim
symptoms include- small sore develops at the bite, fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatal damage to heart |
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where is trypanosoma bruci found?
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Africa
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where is trypanosoma cruzi found
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south america-
aka for this is chagas disease and american trypanosomiasis |
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what protozoa moves by means of pseudopod amoeboid movement
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sarcondina
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what forms in sacodina which helps it withstand adverse conditions?
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cysts
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what are the causes of sarcodia- naegleria fowleri
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primary amebic meningoence phalitis
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how is naegleria fowleri transmitted?
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swimming or diving, in arid climates from the inhalation of cysts( free living warm lakes, ponds, puddles, ditches, mud and moist soil)
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how does naegleria fowleri infect a person?
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penetrates the nasal mucosa and cribriform plate, then ascend along the olfactory nerve to invade brain tissue, resulting in purulent meningitis and encephalitis
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naegleria fowleri produces multiple cytotoxic enzymes which results in ________ and _______ of brain tissue
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diffuse hemorrahage
necrosis |
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what are the symptoms of naegleria fowleri?
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headache, fever, stiff neck, altered mental state and vomiting
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what is the epidemiology of naegleria fowleri?
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1985-1986 24 eye cases were reported to the CDC
contact lenses wearers home-made saline solutions |
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which classification of protozoa are non-motile and parasitic which produce enzymes that helps to digest their way into host cell?
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apicomlexa (sporozoa)
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what classification of protozoa produce enzymes, located in organelles at tips (apices), helps to digest their way into host cells?
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apicomplexa (sporozoa)
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T or F Toxoplama gondii is asymptomatic in most humans
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True
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when an individual who is taking immune suppressants or has either AIDS or Cancer, come into contact with a domestic Cat with toxoplama gondii this could cause what serious pathologies?
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hepatitis, pneumonia, blindness, and severe neurological disorders
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when a pregnant female contract toxoplasm gondii what are the resulting causes?
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spontaneous abortion
still birth severely handicapped mentally and or physically retarded child |
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what 3 ways is toxoplama gondii usually transmitted?
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contact with domestic infected cat
consumption of contaminated raw meat failure to wash hands after handling meat |
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congenital toxoplasmosis can result in what for the child other than retardation?
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hydrocephalus- water on the brain
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what is the most common habitat for cryptosoridium parvum?
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host range from domestic animals such as dogs, pigs, and cattle
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how is cryptosoridium parvum transmitted?
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contaminated food and water
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in immunocompromised patients what are the symptoms from cryptosoridium parvum?
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fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal cramps, and profuse watery diarrhea
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what classification of protozoa moves by means of cilia?
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ciliophora
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what do ciliophora use their cilia for?
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movement and gathering food
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what are the 2 members of ciliophora?
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paramecium
balantidium coli- only known ciliate to cause human disease; ulcers in large intestines |
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what is the reservoir for ciliophora- balantidium coli
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pigs major reservoir
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how many genera of microsporidia can infect humans?
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8
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how is microspoidia transmitted?
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ingestion, inhalation, and direct inoculation
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in immunocompromised individual what does microspoidia cause?
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chronic diarrhea
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what are the habitats of microspoidia?
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invade every organ of the body
found in marine habitats parasitic on fish and other sea life |
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which classification of protozoa has a classification which is know as obligate intracellular pathogen
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microspora- microsporidia
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