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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 phases of the Bacterial growth curve and what goes on?
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1: Lag- no growth
2: Log/Exponential- rapid growth 3: Stationary- growth rate = death rate 4: Death/Decline- exponenetial cell death |
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What is the function of an enzyme?
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catalyzes a reaction by decreasing the amt of activation energy required for the reaction to take place
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Chemotroph vs. Phototroph
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Chemotroph: uses preformed organic molecules for energy
Phototroph: uses light as energy source |
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Heterotroph vs. Autotroph
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Heterotroph: uses preformed organic molecules as a carbon source/"food"
Autotroph: makes its own carbon/"food" |
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Define catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism
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Catabolism: breakdown-creates energy
Anabolism: building up-requires energy Metabolism: catabolism + anabolism |
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What are the two types of fermentation reactions that were discussed in class?
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Lactic acid fermentation
Alchohol fermentation |
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What is the significance of catalase and superoxide dismutase(SOD) when considering the O2 requirements of a bacterial organism?
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w/o catalase & SOD, organisms are unable to remove/process the toxic byproducts of O2 respiration.
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Acidophile vs. Acid tolerant bacteria
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Acidophiles like/need acidic environments to grow
Acid tolerant bacteria produce a buffer that allows them to tolerate acidic environs, but are NOT acidophiles |
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What do soaps, surfectants, and detergents have in common?
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They all decrease surface tension among molecules, which aids in the breaking up and removal of microbes
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When is filtration used to sterilize liquids?
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When they are heat sensitive and could be damaged by high temps
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Antiseptics vs. Disinfectants
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Antiseptics: a chemical used to destroy microbes on living tissue
Disinfectants: a chemical used to destroy microbes on inert surfaces and substances |
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Oxidation reaction =
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atom/molecule loses electrons
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Reduction reaction =
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atom/molecule gains electrons
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What is the equation for overall cellular respiration?
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C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP!!!
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What molecule is an electron shuttle?
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NAD/H
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What temp does a Mesophile grow best in?
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25-45 C (body temp)
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What temp does a thermophile grow best in?
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50-80 C
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Facultative anaerobe vs. aerotolerant anaerobe
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Fac. Anaerobes USE and like O2 but will ferment if O2 is not available
Aerotolerant anaerobes tolerate O2 but DO NOT USE IT |
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Obligate aerobe vs. microaerophilic
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Obligate aerobes need HIGH concentrations of O2 & possess both catalase and SOD
Microaerophilic organisms have lower levels of catalase and SOD, and need LOW concentrations of O2 |
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What are the 4 most abundant elements found in living organisms?
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C,N,H,O
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What is the function of Fermentation reactions?
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to regenerate the oxidized form of NAD, so that glycolysis can continue to occur.
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How many C's in Glucose?
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6 carbons
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In Glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are used in the energy investment phase?
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2 ATP
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In Glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are made in the energy yielding phase?
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4 ATP's
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In Glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP?
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2 ATP
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Where does Glycolysis take place ?
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In the cytoplasm
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After going through glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules are generated?
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2 molecules
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How many carbons does the pyruvate molecule have?
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3 carbons
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What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
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O2
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Where does the Kreb's cyccle take place in the prokaryotic cell vs. the eukaryotic cell?
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Pro: Cytoplasm
Eu: Mitochondrial Matrix |
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The pyruvate molecule is converted to a 2 molecule called _________ that enters the Kreb's cycle.
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Acetyl Co-A
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What happens to the carbon molecule that is lost when pyruvate becomes Acetyl Co-A?
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It is released as CO2
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For each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration, how many round of the Kreb's cycle are completed?
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2 rounds
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For each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration, how many ATP molecules are made directly in the Krebs cycle?
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2 molecules
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For each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released?
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4 molecules
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What is O2 gas reduced to during cellular respiration?
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H2O
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For each turn of the Kreb's cycle, how many NAD molecules are reduced?
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3 molecules
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For each turn of the Kreb's cycle, how many FAD molecules are reduced?
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1 molecule
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Where does the conversion from pyruvate to Acetyl-coA take place in the eukaryotic cell?
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Mitochondrial matrix
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What happens to the electrons in the reduced NADH molecules?
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They are dropped off @ the electron transport chain
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Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in the prokaryotic cell?
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the cell membrane
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Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in the eukaryotic cell?
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in the mitochindrial cristae
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How do Gaseous chemosterolizers sterilize materials?
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They denature the proteins in the microbes
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How does alcohol kill microorganisms?
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by denaturing the microbial proteins, dissolving lipids, and disrupting membranes.
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Bacteriostatic vs. Bacteriocidal
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Bacteriostatic: only inhibits growth & multiplication
Bacteriocidal: Acually kills bacteria |
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Fungistatic? Virocidal?
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Fungistatic: inhibits and slows the growth/multiplication of fungi
Virocidal: kills viruses |
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Sterilization vs. sanitization
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sterilization: destruction or removal of ALL microbial life
Sanitization: treatment intended to lower microbial counts on utensils to safe public health levels |
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Sterilization vs. Pasteurization
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Sterilization: Kills ALL microbial life
Pasteurization: treatment that kills most of the harmful, but not all, microbial life |
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Which is more effective- moist or dry heat?
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Moist
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How does radiation kill bacteria?
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It works by destroying and damaging microbial DNA
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How do most of the chemical microbial agents kill bacteria?
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By disrupting the plasma membrane and denaturing enzymes
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If 90% of bacteria are killed when exposed to a chemical agent for 10 mins, will 100% of the bacteria ever be killed?
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No, you will never destroy 100% of it.
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If bacteria are subjected to high salt or sugar concentrations, what happend to the bacterial cell?
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plasmolysis
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What are examples of trace elements?
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co-factors, inorganic elements/ minerals
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synthetic (chemically defined) media vs. complex (chemically undefined) media
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synthetic: the exact chemical composition is known, it is made from lab chemicals
Complex: the exact chemical composition is unknown, made from animal extracts, variation among batches |
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What does it mean for a medium to be selective?
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It selects for a particular type of bacteria and eliminates others
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What does it mean for a medium to be differential?
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it allows you to identify one bacterium from another
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Name an example of an obligate anaerobe
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Clostridium botulinum
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Name an example of a facultative anaerobe
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E. coli
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What temp would a Psychrophile grow best in?
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-5 to 20 C (refridg. temp)
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direct counting of bacteria vs. counting via serial dilution and plating
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Direct: easy and fast, but counts both dead and viable cells
Dilution & Plating: Complicated and slower, but counts ony viable cells |
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Bacteria divide by an asexual process called:
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binary fission
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Name the toxic materials generated when an organism metabolizes O2 gas:
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Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide
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How many ATP molecules are made for each glucose molecule catabolized by a prokaryotic organism during cellular repiration?
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38 ATP's
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How many ATP molecules are made for each glucose molecule catabolized by a eukaryotic organism during cellular repiration?
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36 ATP's
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How many ATP molecules are made for each glucose molecule catabolized by an organism during fermentation?
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2 ATP's
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Name the factors that will influence the rate of an enzymatic reaction:
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Temp, pH, enzyme inhibitors, presence/concentration of cofactors or coenzymes
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Where does the substrate bind to the enzyme?
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@ the active site
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What is a co-factor?
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a non-protein component needed for an enzyme to function
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What is a co-enzyme?
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an organic molecule needed for an enzyme to function
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Name a coenzyme used during cellular respiration:
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NAD/H
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Apoenzyme vs. holoenzyme
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Apoenzyme: incomplete - needs cofactor/coenzyme to function
Holoenzyme: A whole enzyme - a apoenzyme w/ its needed parts. |
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competitive inhibition vs. noncompetitive inhibition
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competitive: substance binds to the active site, preventing the correct substrate from binding
noncompetitive: substance bind to an allosteric site, which changes the shape of the protein & renders the active site useless |
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What is enrichment medium?
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a medium (usually liquid) that is used to increase very small levels of a microbe to detectable levels
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Name a Photoautotroph:
Name a Chemoheterotroph: |
plants
humans, animals |
