Microbiology - Exam 2

Front 1

example of aerobe

Back 1

Humans, Mycobacterium

(requires oxygen gas for metabolism)

Front 2

example of anaerobe

Back 2

- anaerobic metabolism in animal tissue(fermentation)
- bacteriods in large intestine

(doesn't require oxygen gas for metabolism)

Front 3

example of obligate anaerobe

Back 3

Clostridium

(doesn't require oxygen gas for metabolism, it is detrimental)

Front 4

example of facultative anaerobe

Back 4

E. coli

(can exist without oxygen gas but uses it when present)

Front 5

example of microaerophile

Back 5

Helicobacter pylori

(uses oxygen but grows best at lower than atmosheric levels of oxygen gas)

Front 6

Hetero

Back 6

organic carbon source

Front 7

Auto (concerning energy gathering by microbes)

Back 7

inorganic carbon source

Front 8

most common microbe

examples of:

Back 8

Chemoheterotroph

- humans
- E. coli

Front 9

List some inorganics used for energy

Back 9

- sulfur
- iron
- ammonia

Front 10

example of a chemoautotroph

Back 10

Nitrosomonas

Front 11

example of photoautotrophs

Back 11

-plants
-diatoms
-cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae)

Front 12

example of photoheterotrophs

Back 12

- green nonsulfur bacteria
- purple nonsulfur bacteria

Front 13

Five classifications of Prokaryotes:

Back 13

1. Cell shape and Arrangement
2. Colony Morphology
3. Differential Staining Response
4. Energy and C source
5. Serology (study of blood serum, examines antibodies)

Front 14

basic cell shapes:

Back 14

- bacillus
- coccus
- spiral

Front 15

intermediate shapes:

Back 15

- coccobacillus
- vibriod

Front 16

variability in shape

Back 16

pleomorphic

Front 17

example of a pleomorphic bacteria:

Back 17

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Front 18

population of microbes assumed to have grown from cfu on solid nutrient medium

Back 18

colony

Front 19

1 cfu =

Back 19

single microbial cell unless characteristically found in clusters or chains

Front 20

Four colony characteristics:

Back 20

1. Color
2. Margin
3. Elevation
4. Smooth or Rough

Front 21

Hemolytic bacteria causing partial breakdown.

Back 21

Alpha hemolytic

ex) Alpha hemolytic Strep (tooth abscess)

Front 22

Hemolytic bacteria causing complete breakdown.

Back 22

Beta hemolytic

ex) beta hemolytic Strep

Front 23

Three enzymes involved in bacterial energy

Back 23

1. Hemolysin
2. Lipase
3. Amylase

Front 24

In a plate with triglyceride, a microbe with lipase:

Back 24

dissolves the triglyceride out of the agar to use for energy

Front 25

example of microbes pos. and neg. for lipase

Back 25

neg. - Salmonella

pos. - Pseudomonas

Front 26

In test for amylase (starch digestion):

Back 26

iodine reacts and turns blue.

Front 27

examples of microbes that can't use starch:

Back 27

- Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus

Front 28

examples of microbes that can use starch:

Back 28

- Bacillus

Front 29

Indicator color concerning acid production by microbes:

Back 29

- acid production - red indicator
- no acid production - yellow indicator

Front 30

test to tell apart many of the facultative anaerobic bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae

Back 30

IMViC

Front 31

examples of microbes from family Enterobacteriaceae

Back 31

- Escherichia
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter

Front 32

study of blood serum

Back 32

serology

Front 33

locations of antigens

Back 33

- can be part of cell wall
- can be glycocalyx
- can be flagella
- can be toxins secreted by microbes

Front 34

O antigen

H antigen

K antigen

Back 34

lipopolysaccharide antigen

flagellin antigen antigen

capsular antigen antigen

Front 35

another name for strains

Back 35

serovars or biovars

Front 36

Use presence of unique flagellin protein on ______ flagella to identify _______

Back 36

- E. coli
- 0157:H7

Front 37

When first identified, thought to be poison

Back 37

viruses

Front 38

- could pass through a filter that trapped known microbes
- one of the first isolated was crystallized

Back 38

viruses

Front 39

example of virus

Back 39

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Front 40

Noncellular infectious agent. Too small to be seen with Light Microscopy

Back 40

Virus

Front 41

capable of causing disease

Back 41

Infectious agent

Front 42

Each infectious agent =

Back 42

Virion or Viral Particle

Front 43

E. coli is ____x (or more) bigger than the avg. virus

Back 43

100x

Front 44

use what unit of measurement to describe size of viruses?

Back 44

nanometer

Front 45

What two groups of viruses look identical?

Back 45

- Picornaviruses (18-30nm)

- Reoviruses (70nm)

Front 46

Example of viruses within Picornaviruses (3)

Back 46

1. common cold virus (Rhinovirus)
2. polio virus (Enterovirus)
3. Hepatitis A (Hepatovirus)

Front 47

Example of Reovirus

Back 47

Rotavirus - cause of GI upset

Front 48

Viral Characteristics (2)

Back 48

- Noncellular
- Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Front 49

Viral Components (2)

Back 49

- Nucleic Acid
- Capsid

Front 50

Viruses have _____ nucleic acid(s)

Back 50

Only one

Front 51

Variations of viral nucleic acid

Back 51

- dsDNA
- ssDNA
- dsRNA
- ssRNA

Front 52

Variations of viral nucleic acid shape

Back 52

- linear
- circular
- segmented

Front 53

Protein covering that surrounds the nucleic acid

Back 53

Capsid

Front 54

_______ are why viruses can be crystallized like facets on a gem crystal

Back 54

Capsids

Front 55

What are the 3 varieties in capsid shape?

Back 55

1. Helical
2. Polyhedral
3. Complex

Front 56

Elongate, slender, thread-like virus

Back 56

Helical virus

Front 57

Examples of Helical virus (2)

Back 57

- Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- Ebola Virus

Front 58

20 sided polyhedral virus

Back 58

icosahedral

Front 59

example of icosahedral virus

Back 59

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Front 60

Cause of condyloma acuminata, One associated with cervical cancer HPV16, also genital warts

Back 60

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Front 61

This is a variation of polyhedral and helical and other shapes as well.

Back 61

Complex virus

Front 62

Is a virus that attacks bacteria = bacteriophage or phage

Back 62

Complex virus

Front 63

refers to the nucleic acid of a virus and it's capsid

Back 63

nucleocapsid

Front 64

Two extra components found in some virus

Back 64

- envelopes
- enzymes not found in host cells

Front 65

Simple viral envelope composition

Back 65

1. lipids
2. or lipids & proteins
a. may find some CHO's

Front 66

More complex viral envelopes

Back 66

1. find spikes of protein or glycoprotein

Front 67

example of virus with complex viral envelope

Back 67

influenza virus

Front 68

Examples of viral enzymes

Back 68

- Reverse transcriptase
- HIV (retrovirus)

Front 69

Early classification of viruses included _______ ________

Back 69

target tissues

Front 70

Viruses that target the skin

Back 70

Dermatropic

Front 71

Viruses that target the nervous tissue

Back 71

Neurotropic

Front 72

Viruses that target WBCs and Lymphatics

Back 72

Lymphotropic

Front 73

Newer classification of viruses includes: (4 common, 2 less common)

Back 73

- nucleic acid
- capsid
- whether enveloped
- size

less common
- geographic location
- shape

Front 74

use limited nomenclature with viruses because?

Back 74

they're not alive

Front 75

Classification of viruses occurs mostly at the _______ level

Back 75

family

- ending w/ idae

Front 76

Genus name ending of _______

Back 76

- virus (italisize or underline)

Front 77

example of common virus name

Back 77

Cold sore virus

Front 78

Cold sore virus
Family
Genus
Final name

Back 78

- Herpes viridae
- Simplexvirus
- Human Herpes Virus 1 (HHV1)

Front 79

Breakdown of family name Picornaviridae

Back 79

Pico - small
rna - RNA is nucleic acid
vir - virus
idae - is family ending

Front 80

5 phases of the viral replication life cycle

Back 80

1. Adsorption/attachment
2. Penetration
3. Synthesis/biosynthesis
4. Maturation/assembly
5. Release

Front 81

Viruses specific to host tissues, attaches to host protein receptor like lock & key

Back 81

Adsorption

Front 82

In this phase, the genetics of the virus enter the cell and are released.

Back 82

Penetration

Front 83

Two means of viral Penetration

Back 83

1. Fusion (aka Envelope Fusion)
2. Endocytosis

Front 84

In the envelope is the viral antigen, when antigen contacts the receptor lipids merge (envelope and cell membrane)

Back 84

Fusion/ Envelope Fusion

Front 85

Host cell brings viral particle in and digests away its capsid
- host cell pinches in its membrane to bring particle into cell
- virus ends in vessel or vacuole, and capsid digestion occurs
- capsid breaks down (uncoating) releasing the nucleic acid

Back 85

Endocytosis (occurs with naked virus)

Front 86

In this phase the viral nucleic acid takes over the cell and tells the cell to make more viruses.

Back 86

Synthesis/Biosynthesis

Front 87

- The virions are formed inside the host cell.
- The capsomeres forming a capsid around the viral nucleic acid

Back 87

Maturation (Assembly)

Front 88

The virions are released from the host cell usually by one of two means

Back 88

Release

Front 89

Two means of Release

Back 89

1. Rapid lysis
2. Budding

Front 90

Host cell deteriorates and all virions are loose

Back 90

Rapid lysis

(associated with cell death)

Front 91

Virions approach cell membrane and push through it.

Back 91

Budding

(doesn't necessarily cause cell death, depends on number released at one time)

Front 92

- Virus penetrates and goes into an equilibrium with host
- May not cause host cell damage
- May be years before cycle completes if ever

Back 92

Latent Viral Infection

Front 93

Example of Latent Viral Infection

Back 93

Herpesvirus

Front 94

- persistent viral infection
- occurs gradually over long time, perhaps building up over decades
- can see changes in numbers of infectious viral particles

Back 94

Slow Virus Infection

Front 95

Example of Slow Virus Infection

Back 95

Measles virus

Front 96

Virus were first associated with cancer in what case?

Back 96

Chickens with leukemia, and sarcoma

Front 97

What was the viral cause in mice?

Back 97

Adrenocarcinoma of mammary tissue

Front 98

Cancer of the connective tissue

Back 98

Sarcoma

Front 99

Cancer of the epithelial tissue

Back 99

Carcinoma

Front 100

Adrenocarcinoma

Back 100

cancer of glandular epithelium

Front 101

________ are part of normal host cell genetics.

Back 101

Oncogenes

Front 102

Factors which can triggered abnormalities in oncogenes

Back 102

- Radiation
- Mutagenic (carcinogenic) chemicals
- viruses (Oncovirus)

Front 103

Causes of _______ ?

- Cancer cell transformation
- Cell shape changes, nucleus appears different with strange chromosomes
- See new proteins added to cell membranes
- (Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigen) or nucleus (T antigen)

Back 103

triggered Oncogene

Front 104

Viruses associated with cancer in humans (2)

Back 104

- Epstein Barr Virus (Type of Herpesvirus) associated w/ nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Papillomavirus associated w/ cervical cancer

Front 105

Viral cultivation methods (3)

Back 105

- Living animal hosts
- Embryonated eggs
- Cell culture

Front 106

Living animal hosts method
adv. and disadv.

Back 106

- Study the immune system responses to the virus
- Not all animals can contract human viruses, cannot be grown this way (also labor intensive and expensive)

Front 107

- Use of fertile eggs w/ fetal chick or duck
- Drill hole inject virus on membranes around the chick/duck
- After virus grows, will see lesions called plaques on membrane - harvest these

Back 107

Embryonated culture

Front 108

Advantages of embryonated eggs method

Back 108

- less expensive, more convenient than animals

- Can grow relatively large amounts of viruses

Front 109

Disadvantages of embryonated eggs

Back 109

- Must keep entire area sterile, to prevent other microbes from incubating
- When harvesting may contaminate with egg protein, problem if people have allergies to eggs (or feathers)

Front 110

- Grows cells of tissue in a nutrient medium in a shallow dish like a Petri dish
- Normal cells divide until a layer of single cells is formed across the bottom of dish (called a monolayer)
- Inoculate the monolayer with the viruses
- May see the cells deteriorate as the viruses replicate = cytopathic effect

Back 110

Cell culture

Front 111

Advantages of cell culture

Back 111

- easiest means of cultivating viruses, requiring the least amount of space, no egg incubators/ animal eggs
- Less chance of allergic reaction since using human tissue

Front 112

Disadvantages of cell culture

Back 112

- Not all human tissues can be grown in cell culture
- Must still keep area sterile and use aseptic
- Not all tissues can be grown indefinitely from one harvest of tissue

Front 113

Won't last well in labs (last ~ 2 weeks)

Back 113

Primary lines

Front 114

Grow well in labs (must be of living fetus, last 2 weeks)

Back 114

Fetal lines

Front 115

Potential unlimited line (line from woman 1951 still used today)

Back 115

Cancer cell line

Front 116

Defense that works the same against any kind of invading pathogen

Back 116

Nonspecific defense

Front 117

- Defined as body resistance associated with our portals of entry
- Portals of entry are places microbes use to gain access to our body

Back 117

First Line of Defense (FLOD)

Front 118

3 subcategories of FLOD

Back 118

- Mechanical Defense
- Chemical Defense
- Biological Defense

Front 119

Defense that physically blocks or entraps particles

Back 119

Mechanical defenses

Front 120

Parts of _______

- Intact dry skin
- Ciliated Mucous Membrane in Respiratory area
- Tears
- Earwax (cerumen)
- vomiting/diarrhea

Back 120

Mechanical defense

Front 121

Use general chemical to kill microbes

Back 121

Chemical defenses

Front 122

Examples of _______

- Stomach Acid
- Acidic Vaginal Secretions

Back 122

Chemical defenses

Front 123

- resident microbes in and on certain places of the body.

Back 123

Biological defenses

Front 124

Biological microbes commonly found in (3 places of body)

Back 124

- skin
- nasal passages
- large bowels

Front 125

microbes adapted to exist in various parts of the body

Back 125

Resident Flora

Front 126

example of Biological defense resident flora

Back 126

- E. coli

Front 127

Two parts of SLOD

Back 127

- Inflammation
- Phagocytosis

Front 128

4 cardinal signs and symptoms of tissue damage

Back 128

Swollen
Heat
And
Redness
Pain
Itch sometimes

Front 129

Causes of inflammation

Back 129

- increased permeability of blood vessels (capillaries)
- increased blood flow by vasodilation
- pain(itch) from trigger of local neurons

Front 130

Method of body's response to damage

Back 130

- Damaged cells and local WBC's release chemical messengers that alert local blood vessels and neurons

Front 131

Examples of chemical messengers (2)

Back 131

- histamines (from WBC)
- prostaglandins (from damaged cells)

Front 132

Advantages of inflammation

Back 132

- swelling allows defensive chemicals and cells to escape the bloodstream (antibodies, clotting agents, WBC's)

- heat and redness - increased blood brings more oxygen, nutrients to damaged cell

- pain alerts you that you have hurt yourself so stop doing it

Front 133

All WBCs except _______ do phagocytosis

Back 133

lymphocytes

Front 134

________ is usually first on scene of infection. _________ usually arrive second on the scene.

Back 134

neutrophil, monocytes

Front 135

If infection persists more chemical signals are released that trigger the Red Bone Marrow to start producing even more WBC's. This is called _________

Back 135

Leukocytosis

Front 136

Transfer of genes by a virus

Back 136

Transduction

Front 137

Transfer of genes as "naked" DNA in solution

Back 137

Transformation

Front 138

example of bacteria that underwent transformation

Back 138

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 139

Transfer of genetic material via cell-to-cell contact

Back 139

Conjugation

Front 140

Examples of bacteria which use Sporolation

Back 140

- Bacillus
- Clostridium

Front 141

Three methods of measuring numbers of bacteria

Back 141

1. Waterblank
2. Petroff-Heusser Counting cell
3. Turbidometer

Front 142

Problems with Waterblank

Back 142

takes day to get results

Front 143

range of colonies for waterblank

Back 143

30-300
TFTC - TNTC

Front 144

problem with Petroff-Heusser counting cell

Back 144

can't tell dead bacteria from living. Eye strain

Front 145

Problem with turbidometer

Back 145

counts dead bacteria (they also block light

Front 146

Viral diseases of the Lower Respiratory system

Back 146

- Viral Pneumonia
- RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
- Influenza

Front 147

Causative agent of ________

- mycoplasmal pneumonia
- Can be complication of influenza, measles, or pneumonia

Back 147

Viral Pneumonia

Front 148

Cause of _______

- Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Back 148

RSV, respiratory disease in INFANTS

Front 149

Symptoms of ________

- coughing
- wheezing for more than a week

Back 149

RSV

Front 150

Prevention of RSV

Back 150

- Naturally aquired immunity is poor
- Protective vaccines being developed

Front 151

Treatment for RSV

Back 151

- Antiviral ribavirin reduces symptoms for sever patients

Front 152

Causative agent of _______

- Influenzavirus

Back 152

Influenza

Front 153

Symptoms of Influenza

Back 153

- chills
- fever
- headache
- muscular aches

Front 154

Prevention of Influenza

Back 154

- No vaccine

Front 155

Causative agent of Mumps

Back 155

Mumps virus

Front 156

Symptoms of Mumps

Back 156

- swelling of one or both parotid glands 16-18 days after exposure
- fever
- pain during swallowing

Front 157

Prevention of Mumps

Back 157

- vaccine available

Front 158

Causative agent of Hep. A

Back 158

- HAV, ssRNA (no envelope)

Front 159

Symptoms of Hep. A

Back 159

- usually none, fever, headache, malaise, jaundice

Front 160

Prevention of Hep. A

Back 160

- no vaccines, immune globulin provides temp. protection

Front 161

Causative agent of Hep. B

Back 161

- HBV, dsDNA (envelope)

Front 162

Symptoms of Hep. B

Back 162

- usually none, fever, likely to cause severe liver damage

Front 163

Prevention of Hep. B

Back 163

- Genetically engineered vaccine

Front 164

Causative agent of Hep. C

Back 164

- HCV, ssRNA (envelope)

Front 165

Symptoms of Hep. C

Back 165

- like HBV, but likely to become chronic

Front 166

Prevention of Hep. C

Back 166

- None

Front 167

Causative agent of Hep. D

Back 167

- HDV, ssRNA (envelope)

Front 168

Symptoms of Hep. D

Back 168

- Severe liver damage. Increased mortality rate

Front 169

Prevention of Hep. D

Back 169

- HBV vaccine protective

Front 170

Causative of Hep. E

Back 170

- HEV ssRNA (no envelope)

Front 171

Symptoms of Hep. E

Back 171

- like HAV/ but pregnant women have increased mortality

Front 172

Prevention of Hep. E

Back 172

- none (under development)

Front 173

Epidemiology of Genital Herpes

Back 173

~ 44 million in U.S. have HSV-2
~ 4 million in U.S. have HSV-1

Front 174

Epidemiology of Genital Warts

Back 174

~ 1 million new cases / year