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120 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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how does Quorum Sensing work
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cell makes HSL which diffuses out and other identical cells sense it in the receptor(quorum sensing). when these cells are densely packed (biofilm), they express genes that are advantageous for the group.
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in species that are capable of bioluminescence, what enzyme does what to produce light?
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enzyme Luciferase shuts of electrons to oxygen which cuts the e-transport chain to release enerfy as light and not heat.
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what are the characteristics of Pseudomanas
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metabolically diverse, Gram-, no fermentation, strictly respiratory, fast growing, not fastitious.
Name the plant and animal pathogens |
P. syringae and P. aeruginosa
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give the characteristics of P. aeruginosa
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non-fastidious and metabolically versatile and can grow in distilled water. it can be found in soil and plants. also common in nosocomial infections.
How does it utilize Quorum Sensing |
only turn on virulence gene if the colony is dense to avoid detection
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what are the two ways bacteria reproduce
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binary fission (clone) and budding(asymmetrical)
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how does filamentous bacteria grow
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via extension of hyphal tip.
how does fungi and actinomycetes reproduce and give detail on the latter. |
via spores. in Actnomycetes, hyphal growth is followed by fragmentation
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what kind of growth is generation time and how is it plotted
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log growth, plotted on log scale
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how do you convert g to a growth rate
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u=ln2/g
what is u and what controls it |
u is the slope of a semi-log growth curve. u is controlled mostly by the amount of nutrient available.
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what does monod equation tell us
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it tells us what limits the growth rate based on the uptake enzyme kinetics.
what are some other factors affecting microbial growth |
temp, pH, oxygen, pressure, competition
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give the approximate range of temperature for 4 different type of bacterias
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psychrophiles=10, mesophiles=35, thermophiles=70, hyperthermophiles=95
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state Kluyver and van Niel's equation
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CO2+2H2A-->CH2O+H2O+2S
CO2 is being reduced H2A is being oxidized what is being converted into what |
light energy is being converted into chemical energy
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why does stromatolites fossilize so well
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because it is composed of layers of cyanobacterial mats and sand and Ca Carbonate
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explain the term anoxygenic
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photosynthesis that does not produce O2 gas
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what are the four main bacteria that are photosynthetic and name their specific molecule
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cyano, green sulfur-chlorophyll a and b, green non-sulfur-chlorophyll c, d, and e, purple (sulfur and non-sulfur)-Chlorophyll cs
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explain the 2 parts to photosynthesis
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light reaction-light energy converted to chemical energy (ATP+NADPH)
dark reaction-chemical energy is used to reduce CO2 (CO2 Fixation) |
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what is the molecule capabale of absorbing light and what is in its center
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chlorophylls, they have magnesium
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in prokaryotes, where is the chlorophyll located?
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in the internal membrane system.
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what are the products of light reaction in anoxygenic and oxygenic
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ATP, NADPH, O2(oxygenic photosynthesis), S (Anoxygenic photosynthesis)
what are the products of dark reaction |
CO2 fix in oxygenic.
CO2 fix in photoautotrophs and organic carbon in photohetertrophs for anoxygenic |
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how does photophosphorylation work
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ATP produced via e- transport and ATPase which pass electrons down a gradient, generating a proton motive force
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how does Green Sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria utilize Sulfide
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Green-excrete sulfur which appears as extracellular granules
Purple-store S in cytoplasm |
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what happens in Calvin Cycle
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CO2 is fixated
CO2+ATP+NADPH-->C6H12O6+NADP+ADP lots of NADPH and ATP gets used up what is the bacteria that does not use it? what does it use? |
Green Sulfur Bacteria uses reverse TCA cycle
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what is meant by true Photoheterotrophs and which bacteria uses it
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some phototrophs that gets all of their carbon from organic compounds and dont need to fix CO2
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give some example of unusual phototrophy
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Light Driven Proton pump without chlorophyll by some archea, rhodospin driven phototrophy
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who is capable of doing Nitrogen fixation and what is it?
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some bacteria and archaea (Rhizobium). it is the incorporation of N2 into organic compound.
N+H+ATP-->NH3+H2 inhibited by O2, Anabolic, energetically expensive how did nitrogen fixation evolve |
when earth was anaerobic atmosphere it evolve. aerobic organisms carry it out by controlling O2
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what is nitrogenase and what is in it, how many
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a multiprotein enzyme used in nitrogen fixation. 2 iron-molybdenum are in it
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what is kinetic energy and diffusion
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kinetic energy is the energy of motion which all atoms have. these colliding molecules randomly mix, this is diffusion
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what is Brownian Motion
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constant jiggling movement of small objects in water
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what is viscosity and how does it affect bacteria movement
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water is viscous because of partial + and - charges, these charges are attracted to surface of bacteria
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whats the similarity and difference in the flagella of Gram + and -
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they both have same filament and hook, but Gram+ have two protein rings in its basal body whereas Gram- has pair of inner and outer protein rings in its basal body (has thinner peptidoglycan layer)
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how is flagellar motor powered, and how fast is it
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by the proton motive force, the same that drives ATP production.
it rotates 1000rps, 50 cell length/sec. |
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describe the structure and motion of spirochete flagella
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The axial filament rotates around cell and Endoflagella rotates which makes a corkscrew-like motion
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what is chemotaxis
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when bacteria move in directed movement toward an attractant or away from repellant
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what is cytoplasm and what is in it
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cytoplasm is a material between the plasma membrane and nucleoid. there are ribosomes, proteins, Inclusion bodies
whats in ribosome and what does it do |
RNA+proteins, ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
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what does storage granule (inclusion body) store
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carbon, energy source, inorganic substances, nutrient source
whats stored in granule of Beggiatoa |
Sulfur
H2S+O2-->S+H2O when H2S runs out, S+O->H2SO4 |
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what does gas vacuole do
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it fills with air to give buoyancy to bacteria
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what is Magnetotactic Bacteria
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lives in low oxygen zones, sediments, in fresh and marine environment. there are rods, coccoid, helical, and vibrioid. it also has polar flagella
Most magnetotactic bacteria are what |
Proteobacteria
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why are some bacteria magnetotactic?
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because bacteria dont feel gravity, bacterias move towards geomagnetic north in northern hemisphere to know when to go downwards. this works since magnetic field slants toward center of Earth.
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what is Magnetosome made of
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made of Magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4). there are vesicle membranes/lipid bilayer. Microaerobic conditions are required.
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how many chromosomes do most bacteria have and where
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1 chromosome, in nucleoid
how big are bacterial genomes, and how is it compared to other organisms |
.5 million-10 million base pairs.
E. Coli=5 million Drosophila Melanogaster=120 million Human 3 billion |
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describe plamids, and what are the functions of plasmid
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it is circular and passed on to all daughter cells. not essential for survival but can have genes that provide selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance
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what is an Endospore (of Gram+)
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it is a very resistant, dormant surviving structure that is not for reporduction but for surviving long periods
how long are endospores known to survive for |
scientists have revived a 25-40 million year old spore
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what are some endospores that are pathogens and how do you kill it
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1.genus Clostridium(Anaerobic)
C. tetani-causes tetanus, C. botulinum-prevent muscle contraction(botox). 2. genus Bacillus(Aerobic), B. Anthracis-cause anthrax. B. thuringinesis-insectide for moth and beetle larvae kill it by autoclaving (121 C) |
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what are the strength and weakness of GC tests
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it is quick and useful only in Gram+, but two organisms that have similar GC content may have very differeent DNA sequence, therefore, you need other tests to supplement it. the two groups must differ by more than 10 % in GC content.
what are firmicutes and actinobacteria? |
fermicute=low in GC, Actinobacteria=high in GC
bacillus, listeria, clostridia are all fermicutes |
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who is Robert Hooke
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he invented microscope with 30X.
first to observe microscopic fungi |
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who is Anton Leeuwenhoek
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Dutch draper who invented microscope with 300X
observed animacules |
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who is Francesco Redi
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performed meat experiment to show that spontaneous generation was false
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who is Louis Pasteur
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used swann neck beaker to prove that oxygen was not the vital force that organisms needed. also showed that some bacteria are anaerobes.
invented pasteurization (does not mean sterilization) to keep bacteria out of wine. He also save viengar, Silkworm industry and found vaccine for rabies!! |
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who are Tyndall and Cohn
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found endospore containing cells an that it was hard to kill.
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who is Robert Koch
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experimented with anthrax and used mice to show that Anthrax grew inside the mouse
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what is anthrax
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disease that kills cows and sheeps and humans.
contains bacilli |
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what are Koch's Postulates
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1. disease organism must be present in sick and not in healthy
2. organism must be cultivated in pure culture 3. this culture should inflict symptoms of disease when injected into healthy 4. the organism can be re-isolated |
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who is Fannie Hesse
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invented agar for bacterial growth
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who is Paul Ehrlich
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noticed bacteria picked up certain stains more readily than mammalian tissue
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who is Martinus Beijernck
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utilized enrichment culture technique to isolate specific metablic groups from nature
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who is Sergi Winogradsky
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first to describe Sulfur oxidizing bactera such as Beggiatoa
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what are chemoautotrophs
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fix CO2 without photosynthesis
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what is Kluver and van Niel's equation of respiratory reactions
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AH2+B-->A+BH2
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what is nanoarchaeum
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only known archaeal parasite, has one of the smallest known genomes
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what are the morphology of bacteria
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cocci, bacilli(rod), vibrio (comma), spiral, pleomorphic (varying shapes)
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what is plasma membrane and what is their function
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every cell pro or euro, has it. it is very thin and it separates the inside from environment.
it acts as a permeability barrier, conserve energy. elaborate how it conserves energy |
generates ATP by proton motive force (proton outside, ions outside) which is electrical potential
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describe the passive and active movement
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in passive, molecules move down concentration gradient whereas in active, molecules use energy to move against concentration gradient
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state the passive and active transports: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, group translocation
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passive=both diffusions, osmosis
active=group translocation what is group translocation |
substance is chemically altered during transport
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why do bacteria, and not eukarya, have cell wall
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to withstand the tugor pressure and reverse pressure when drying
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what happens to a cell without cell wall in hypertonic and hypotonic solution
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in hypertonic solution, cell will lose water and shrink. in hypotonic solution, cell will gain water and expand.
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describe the color of gram+ and gram- stain
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gram+ is purple, gram- is pink
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describe the structure of peptidoglycan
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it is made of amino sugars and bonded by peptide
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describe the cell wall of gram+
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thick peptigolycan with teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid in it, then in inner layer is cell membrane with integral protein in it
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describe the cell wall of gram-
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outer membrane with porin, LPS, and integral protein, then thin peptidoglycan, then inner membrane with integral protein. the periplasmic space is between outer and inner membrane
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what is cord factor made of
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2 long chain alcohol hooked by disaccharide
what does it do in TB |
causes corded look, weight loss, binds cells together to make it more resistant
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what are Glycocalyx functions
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protect against ionic fluctuation/drying, predation/phagocytes, and attach to surfaces and other cells
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what are the types of glycocalyx
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slime layer-unorganized material that is removed easily
capsule-well organized, not easily washed off S-Layer-a regularly structured layer made of protein or glycoprotein |
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what are the functions of fimbria, pili
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fimbria-attach to other cells, pili-used for mating
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how does spirochete flagella work
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the spirochete flagella are polar and wraps around the body of cell and turns the whole cell body in spiral motion
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how does flagella work
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flagella rotates by a motor that is powered by proton movement via proton gradient (no ATP needed)
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mycoplama is one of the gram+ firmicutes, what are some of its characteristics
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lack cell walls, pleomorphic(flexible), have small genomes, most are parasites
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the clostridia is an endospore producing anaerobes. what is charactersitc of Heliobacterium and epilopiscium
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Heliobacterium-photosynthetic during daytime, heterotrophic at night, ferment amino acid
Epilopiscium-large rod, uses daughter cell forming(duplicate) to reproduce. they have many copies of their genome, they are polyploids |
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genus Bacillus, like clostridum, is an endospore formers. what are some other characteristics
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aerobic and facultative anaerobic. usually motile and rapid growers
what is the capsule of B. antrhacis made of |
amino acids, not sugars
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what is systematics
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the science of characterizing living things
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what is node, monophyletic group
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node=ancestral branch points, monophyletic group=group branching from same node
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How did Linnaeus classify living things
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divided world into Animal, Vegetable, Mineral.
used binomial system. placed all microscopic organisms into genus "Chaos". later divided bacteria into Cocci and Bacilli |
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how did Haeckel classify living things
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3 kingdoms=plants, animals, protista(protist, bacteria, fungi)
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why does gram stain work
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Gram- have thin wall which is dissolved by acetone, thus the first stain is washed away
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how did Whittaker categorize organisms
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5 kingdom-plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists
how did he differentiate between plants, animals, and fungi |
by means of its nutrition (photosynthesis, adsorption, ingestion)
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How do you diagnose TB
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via Acid fast Stain
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Why does Whittaker's "foot tree" not work
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1. algae and protozoa are not monophyletic
2. there is no archaea |
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what are the two breakthroughs that made Molecular Systematics useful
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1. Advent of DNA sequence tech
2. concept that sequence comparisons can relate organisms |
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what is the purpose of PCR
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to amplify copies of specific DNA pieces
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what gene sequence is used to make phylogenetic tree and why
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RNA because they are found in all forms of life, change slowly, not exchanged via HGT
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what is the 3 domains suggested by Carl Woesse and describe it
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bacteria, archaea, eucarya.
root is on bacterial side, most life are microbial, life evolved in warm environment |
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does all 3 domains described by Woesse use phototrophy, pathogenic?
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no, only the bacteria and eukarya.
what is the most plausible hypotheis for endosymbiosis of mitochondrion |
last common ancestor of all eukaryotes possess a mitochondrion
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what is the similarity between Archaea and bacteria
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same shape, size, look
multiply via binary fission and move by flagella but Archaea is more closely related to Eucarya |
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how is the cell wall of archaea different from that of bacteria
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archaeal cell wall dont contain peptidoglycan(No D-amino acids). it does include protein, polysaccharide, glycoprotein, or pseudopeptidoglycan
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how is archaea membrane different
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it has ether bonds (R-C-C-C-R), has Isoprene and not ester bonds of bacteria and eucarya (R-C-O-C-R with O double bonded to C).
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what are some differences between archaea and bacteria
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archaea has a differently shaped 70S ribosome. Archaea has more complex RNA polymerase
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how is the Archea divided
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Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota |
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Euryarchaeota
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Halophilic-chemoheterotroh, photohetertrophic.
Methanogens-anaerobic. use CO2 (autotroph) to produce methane and water Sulfur Metabolizer |
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Crenarchaeota
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can live in cold and hot environment.
thermophilic ones can be chemohetero or chemoautotroph |
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what are Nanoarchaeum
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only known archaeal parasite found in deep sea vents, small genome
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all living organisms need these
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carbon, energy, electrons
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what are autotrophs
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organisms that use oxidized carbon(less e) and reduce (more e) it themselves
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what are heterotrophs
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organiss that rely on already reduced(more e) carbon
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what are phototrophs and chemotrophs
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phototrophs use light as energy by stripping electron from H20 or H2S
chemotrophs use electron dense inorganic/organic compounds as energy what are lithotrophs and organotrophs |
Lithotroph-use inorganic compounds
organotrophs-use organic compounds |
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what electrons do photoautotroph/heterotroph, chemolithoautotroph/chemoorganoheterotroph use?
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photoautotroph uses H2O, H2S
both heterotrophs use organics and chemoiltho uses inorganic |
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why are bacterias so small
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because their surface area(area to absorb food) grows slower than volume
how do they compensate for it |
by being long and thin, having internal membrane system, having prostheca
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how is rate of movement differ in diffusion and transporter feed
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diffusion is linear, transporter is fast at first but once it reaches the saturation point it slows down. this is Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
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how do microbes digest insoluble and large nutrients
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via extracellular enzymes, siderophores, emulsifying agents
what are these |
siderophores bind irons
emulsifyier degrades oil, increase surface area of hydrophobic substrates, increase solubility |
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define chemical energy
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energy released when compound is oxidized(e is removed)
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what happens in exergonic and endergonic reaction
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in exergonic=G is negative energy is released
in endergonic=G is positive, requires energy |
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how do you read standard reduction potential (E0)
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if more negative, then it is a better e donor
more positive, it is a better e acceptor how do you get more negative G |
greater the difference between E0 of donor and acceptor
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name some of electron carriers
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NAD, NADP, FAD, coenzyme Q, cytochromes
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what does a general redox reaction look like for respiration
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AH2+B-->A+BH2
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what is fermentation and respiration
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fermentation is redox reaction w/o electron acceptor. it regenerates NAD from NADH
Respiration is redox reaction with electron acceptor(oxidizing agent). and produce ATP using proton motive force (electron transport chain) |
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how many ATP are produced by Electron Transport chain and net total from respiration of one glucose molecule
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34 and 38
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put these in the order of e- acceptor energy yield
O2, NO3, CO2, Fe, SO4, |
O2, NO3, Fe, SO4, CO2
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so, in fermentation, ATP is produced without ETC or ATPase, so what does it use
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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in aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation, which ones require oxygen, type of phosphorylation, final e- acceptor, and ATP produced
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only aerobic needs oxygen. aerobic and anaerobic use substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation fermentation only uses substrate level. in fermentation, endogenous organic molecule is the final e accetpor. Aerobic yields 38 ATP, anaerbic 2-36, fermentation 2
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what happens in Stickland reaction
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one amino acid is oxized and another acceps electron to restore NAD
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is PPP anabolic? what does it produce
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it is anabolic, it produces G3P and NADPH
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do fastidious or non-fastidious have larger genomes
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non-fastidious
what kind of reaction does non-fastidious need to "prime the pump" |
Anaplerotic reaction
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what is secondary metanbolism
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metabolic pathway that does not involve growth, takes place when cell stops growing. eg. production of antibiotics, endospore(bacitracin), siderophores
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