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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are exsamaples of emerging infectious diseases?
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MRSA, AIDS, Ebola, Bovine Spongiform encephlopathy, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Cryptosporidiosis, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, West Nile encephlalitis
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What are the Koch's Postulates?
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A sequence of steps followed to relate a specific microbe directly to a specific disease
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What are the differences between starch and cellulose?
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starch can be digested by humans, cellulose cannot.
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What are the similarities between starch and cellulose?
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both made solely from glucose, both polysachs., both found in plants
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In the compound sodium chloride, which element is the cation, and which is the anion?
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Na+ cation
Cl- anion |
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What is an ionic bond?
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where 1 atom "gives up" electrons to another.
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Who disproved spontaneous generation?
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Louis Pasteur
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What is the difference between an antibiotic and a synthetic drug?
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Antibiotics are substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against other microbes
Synthetic drugs are prepared from lab chemicals |
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Where is the DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?
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Nucleoid region
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Name the organelle where ATP is produced
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Mitochondria
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What are the monomer units in nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What are the 3 components that make up the monomers of nucleic acids?
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Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
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DNA: 2ble stranded/helix, uses deoxyribose, uses Thymine instead of Uricil
RNA: single stranded, uses ribose, uses Uricil instead of Thymine |
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What is the difference between a glycosidic bond vs. peptide bond?
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glycosidic = carbohydrates/monosaccharides
peptide = proteins/amino acids |
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What is the difference between single covalent vs. double covalent bonds?
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Single = each atom shares 1 e-
double = each atom shares 2 e- |
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What is the difference between nonpolar vs. polar covalent bonds?
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nonpolar = e- shared equally
polar = e- unevenly distributed, creating charged "ends" of the molecule |
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Who discovered penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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Who coined the term "cell"?
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Robert Hooke
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In the gram stain procedure, what is the 1ry stain?
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Crystal Violet
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In the gram stain procedure, what is the 2ndary stain?
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Saffranin
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What is the unique material in the bacterial cell wall called?
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Peptidoglycan
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What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
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structural- gives bacteria its shape
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Who saw microbes under the microscope and called them "animacules"?
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Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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What is the Germ Theory of disease?
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the theory that microrganisms cause disease
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What is the unifying characteristic of lipids?
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they are all hydrophobic
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What are the four different structural levels of proteins?
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
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What are the three bacterial morphologies?
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spiral, bacilli, cocci
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What are the differences between gram pos. and a gram neg. cell walls?
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Gram pos. = thick layer of peptidoglycan, low lipid content
Gram neg. = thin layer peptidoglycan, 2nd phospholipid bilayer, high lipid content |
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What is the color of a Gram pos. bacterium?
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Dk. Purple
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What is the color of a Gram neg. bacterium?
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Pink/red
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What is the monomer unit of carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides
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What is the difference between a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction?
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dehydration synthesis: bonds are created, a H2O molocule is released
Hydrolysis: H2O molecule is added, which breaks the bonds |
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Which bacteria is Acid Fast pos.?
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Mycobacteria
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Who was first concerned with contamination during surgical procedures?
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Joesph Lister
(Listerine!!!) |
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What are isomers?
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Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.
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define atomic number:
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# of protons in the nucleus
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define atomic weight:
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mass of protons AND neutrons
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What is an isotope?
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same element, different # of neutrons
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Define compound:
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combination of 2 or more different atoms
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What is the max. number of e- the 1st orbital can hold?
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2
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What is the max. number of e- the 2nd and 3rd orbitals can hold?
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8
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What are inert elements?
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elements who's outer e- shells are full, which makes them unreactive with other elements.
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What is the difference bewtween hydrophobic and hydrophilic?
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Hydrophobic: non-polar, doesn't interact with water, not soluble in H2O
Hyrophilic: polar, interacts with water, H2O soluble |
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Define aqueous solution:
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any solution where H2O is the solvent
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What element defines an organic compound?
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Carbon
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What are the functions of simple lipids?
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formation of cell plasma membranes
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What are the components of fats?
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Glycerol and fatty acid chains
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What is the difference between saturated vs. unsaturated fats?
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The presence or absence of dble bonds in the fatty acid chains
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What conditions denature proteins?
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Acids, heat, chemicals
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What are the monomers of proteins?
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amino acids
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There are 20 different amino acids. What makes them different?
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differing side chains
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Name some steroids:
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Estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
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Why are phospholipids important?
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b/c they have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, enabling them to form cell membranes and remain in an aqueous solution.
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Define hexose:
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6-carbon sugar
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What is the difference between glucose vs. lactose?
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mono vs. polysaccharide
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA and which ones base pair together?
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Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA and which ones base pair together?
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Adenine-Uracil,
Cytosine-Guanine |
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What are the 3 different trypes of RNA molecules?
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rRNA - ribosomal
mRNA - messenger tRNA - transfer |
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Who was the first to vaccinate against smallpox?
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Edward Jenner
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Name an example of a COMPOUND with nonpolar covalent bonds:
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Methene
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Name an example of a COMPOUND with polar covalent bonds:
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Water
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Name an example of a MOLECULE with nonpolar covalent bonds:
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H2
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Name an example of a MOLECULE with a double covalent bond:
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O2
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What is a hydrocarbon?
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a molecule made of C and H atoms
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If a solution is acidic, is its pH >7 or <7?
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<7
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If a solution is acidic, is its concentration of H+ high or low relative to the OH- concentration?
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High
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What are the 3 domains of organisms on Earth?
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Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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What are the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms?
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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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What is a bacterial endospore?
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a dormant, "round" form of the bacteria
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Name the genera of bacteria that form endospores:
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Clostridium & Bacillus
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What is the periplasmic space?
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space between the 2 phospholipid bilayers in Gram neg. bacteria
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What is the difference between hemolysis vs. crenation
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both refer to RBCs -
Hemolysis = burst apart = hypotonic solution Crenation = shrivel up = hypertonic solution |
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Name examples of monosaccharides:
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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Name examples of disaccharides:
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sucrose, lactose, maltose
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What is the purpose of functional groups?
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They are the part of the molecule most commonly involved in the actual chemical reactions, and they give organic molecules their physical properties.
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What are examples of passive transport?
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diffusion, osmosis, facilitative transport
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What are examples of active transport?
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endocytosis, exocytosis
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What is the difference between simple vs. differential stains?
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Simple only shows bacterial morphology
Differential shows morphology plus helps differentiate specific bacteria |
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Which group of bacteria has lipopolysaccharide?
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Gram neg. bacteria
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Which of the 3 bonds are strong bonds? Which is the weak bond?
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Strong = ionic & covalent
Weak = hydrogen |
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What is the importance of buffers?
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they absorb or release H+ to maintain pH.
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What is a covalent bond?
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When elements share e- to fill their combined outer shells
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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bonds where neg. charged portions of one molecule are attracted to pos. charged portions of another molecule
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What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotic: has no nucleus, circular DNA, no organelles, smaller/differently structured ribosomes, unique cell wall, glycocalyx (protective layer), pilli/fimbriae
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What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
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Animal: Centrioles, lysosomes, flagella
Plant: cellulose in cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole |
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What is the function of the Golgi complex?
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packages and processes insoluble proteins & puts them into vessicles for transport
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What is the function of the Nucleoid region?
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area where DNA is concentrated in a prokaryotic cell
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What is the function of the chloroplast?
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where photosynthesis takes place
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What is the function of the Pilli
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used to attach prokaryotic cells to a surface
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What is the function of the plant cell wall?
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contains cellulose and gives the plant structure
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What is the function of the ribosomes
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production of proteins
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What is the function of the lysosomes?
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produce digestive enzymes
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What is the function of the capsule?
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tight fitting protective outer layer of prokaryotic cells that help them to avoid/evade phagocytosis from a host macrophage, prevent dessication (dehyration) & provide nutrients
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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ATP production
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What is the function of the nucleoleus?
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RNA synthesis
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What is the function of the Central Vacuole?
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Regulates H2O content in plant cells
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What is the function of the flagella?
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provides motility to cells
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What is the function of the rough ER?
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protein synthesis and transport
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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lipid synthesis
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What are the three molecules that make up an amino acid?
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Amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain
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If a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what happens to the plant?
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it becomes TURGID - it swells and fills with water bu does not break.
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What is plasmolysis?
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definition: when a cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. Happens when bacterial or plant cells are placed in a hypertonic solution.
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How do Purines differ from Pyrimidines?
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Both are found in nucleic acids. Purines have "2 rings": A & G
Pyramidines have "1 ring": C & T/U |
