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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the structure of antibodies relate to its function?
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Globular proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig)
Produced by B cells The number of antigen-binding sites determines valence (most have two sites: bivalent) |
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Which antibody is the highest concentration in the blood?
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IgG
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Which antibody is the highest concentration in the body, being found primarily in mucus/secretions?
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IgA
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Which antibody first made in response to infections and is good at agglutination?
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IgM
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vWhich antibody is bound to cells and is involved in allergies?
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IgE
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Which antibody is found on B cells?
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IgD
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The Results of Ag-Ab Binding
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agglutination
opsonization neutralization activation of complement anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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agglutination
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reduces number of infectious units to be delt with, binds
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opsonization
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coating antigen with antibody enhancing phagocytosis
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neutralization
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blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa
blocks attachment of toxin |
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activation of complement
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causes inflammation and cell lysis
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anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
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antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells
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Which T- cells recognize MHCI vs MHCII
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MCH I- Tcytotoxic
MCH II- Thelper |
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MHC II
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Displays external proteins
APC cells |
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MHC I
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displays internal proteins
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Activating B cells
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Ig recpetors (IgM and IgD) on B cell are all specific for the same antigen
bind antigen which is then internalized MHC class II-antigen-fragment complex is displayed on surface T helper cell (TH) receptors recognized complex and produce B cell-activating cytokines B cells clonally expands |
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Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)-
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marks host cells as “self”
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cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
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CTLs recognize Ag + MHC I
Induce apoptosis in target cell by released cytokines blebbing as a signal for phagocytosis |
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By what 3 mechanisms can viruses enter cells?
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fusion, endocytosis, collision
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In what 2 ways can viruses exit the cell?
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cell lysis, viral budding process
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Lytic cycle
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Virus replicates inside cell, then cell lysis occurs and viruses explode out
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Lysogenic cycle
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DNA apart of cell's DNA, replicates, virus DNA spread
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What are current HIV drugs targeting?
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Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors
protease inhibitors: the virus must make use of a protease to reproduce fusion inhibitors- targets the gp41 region of viral envelope integrase inhibitors- inhibits viral DNA from integrating into the host chromosome |
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What are the three domains of life?
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prokaryote, eukaryote, archea
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distinctive features of
the prokayotes: bacteria |
Unicellular
Peptidoglycan cell walls Reproduce by binary fission Very diverse: For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
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distinctive features of
the prokayotes: archaea |
Unicellular
Lack peptidoglycan cell walls Have eukaryotic-like ribosomes Live in extreme environments No pathogens! Include Methanogens Extreme halophiles (salt-loving) Extreme thermophiles (heat-loving) |
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prokayotes types
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bacteria, archaea
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eukaryotes types
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algae, fungi and protozoa
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distinctive features of
the eukaryotes: algae |
multicellular or unicellular
cellulose cell walls photosynthesis |
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distinctive features of
the eukaryotes: fungi |
multicellular or unicellular
chitin cell walls organic chemicals for energy |
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distinctive features of
the eukaryotes: protozoa |
unicellular, complex
absorb or ingest organic chemicals motile-pseudopods, cilia, flagella |
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Animalcules
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Leeuwenhoek
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Smallpox vaccination
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Jenner
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First antibiotic, penicillin
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Flemming
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Leeuwenhoek
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Animalcules
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Jenner
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Smallpox vaccination
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Flemming
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First antibiotic, penicillin
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Postulates to prove a microbe causes a disease
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Robert Koch
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Robert Koch
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Postulates to prove a microbe causes a disease
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Gram + cell wall
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techoic acid, several peptidoglycan layers, thick rigid structure
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Gram - cell wall
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Few peptidoglycan layers, outer membrane, LPS
No techoic acids |
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Clockwise
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tumbles, random direction
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Counterclockwise
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straight
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Nucleus:
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Contains chromosomes
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Mitochondrion:
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Cellular respiration
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Gram - cell wall
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Few peptidoglycan layers, outer membrane, LPS
No techoic acids |
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Clockwise
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tumbles, random direction
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Chloroplast:
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Photosynthesis
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Lysosome:
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Digestive enzymes (WBC)
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Counterclockwise
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straight
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ER/Golgi:
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Protein modification/ membrane component factory & Transport network
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Nucleus:
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Contains chromosomes
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Peroxisome:
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Oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H2O2
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Mitochondrion:
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Cellular respiration
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Vacuole:
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Brings food into cells and provides storage of molecules
support |
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Chloroplast:
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Photosynthesis
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Lysosome:
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Digestive enzymes (WBC)
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ER/Golgi:
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Protein modification/ membrane component factory & Transport network
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Peroxisome:
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Oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H2O2
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Vacuole:
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Brings food into cells and provides storage of molecules
support |
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Endosymbiotic theory
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be bacteria, lost ability to survive on own
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evidence in favor of the Endosymbiotic Theory
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts are all enclosed, have circular DNA, similar to bacteria
70S ribosomes (bacteria-mito) 80S ribosomes (eukaryote-chloro) |
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5 MAMPS
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LPS
Techoic acid Peptidoglycan walls Glycolcalyx Flagella/cilia |
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Koch's Postulates
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1. Microbes isolated, grown in culture
2. Injected into healthy animal 3. Animal diseased, original microbes found in animal |
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Koch's Postulates shortcomings
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May not grow outside of an animal
Some only grown in humans Only in certain part of body Some microbes cause multiple diseases Multiple microbes causing one disease |
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Airborne
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considered greater than 1 meter distance
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Direct:
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Requires close association between infected and susceptible host
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Droplet:
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Transmission via airborne droplets
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Indirect:
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Spread by fomites
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Vehicle:
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Transmission by an inanimate reservoir
(food, water, air) |
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Vectors:
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Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks and mosquitoes
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Which procedure increases the likelihood of nosocomial infection most?
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urinary bladder catheter
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What is the best single practice for reducing nosocomial disease?
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washing hands
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Incidence:
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Fraction of population that contracts a disease during a specific time
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Prevalence:
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Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
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8 factors contributing to emerging infectious disease
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Genetic recombination
Evolution of new strains Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides Changes in weather patterns Modern transportation Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settleent Animal control measures Public health failure |
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antimicrobial defenses exist in/on our skin?
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Perspiration and sebum contain nutrients and salts
Perspiration also contains Lysozyme, a protein which hydrolyzes (breaks down) bacterial peptidoglycan Sebum also contains fatty acids, which inhibit some pathogens but acts as nutrients for others. skin secretes antimicrobial molecules called defensin |
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What major mechanisms of pathogenesis does staph have?
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Antibiotic resistant
Evades immune system Neuralizes skin defensins Lysozyme resistant Exfoliative toxin (scalded skin syndrome) Superantigen (hyperactivates immune system) |
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What major mechanisms of pathogenesis does strep have?
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lyse red blood cells
dissolves connective tissue superantigens |
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Biofilm created
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Bacteria land, attach, divide, excrete slime polymers onto surface
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Slime layer
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resistent to chemicals, biofilms concentrate nutrients
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Bacterial meningitis symptoms
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headache, stiffness of neck, fever, nausea, coma, convulsions
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How does meningitis usually spread to the spinal fluid?
Why is it so deadly? |
Leakage of blood into spinal fluid
No defenses in cerebral spinal fluid |
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What pathological
mechanism allows meningitis to persist in the blood and escape the immune system? |
capsules
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Mycology
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is the study of fungi
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Virology is the
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study of viruses
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Parasitology is the
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study of protozoa and parasitic worms
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Antigen- a
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molecule that binds specifically to an antibody
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Most microbes are
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prokaryotes
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Viruses
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Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Replicate only in host |
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Biogenesis:
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The hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life
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Recombinant DNA:
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DNA made from two different sources.
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Infection:
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Colonization of the body by pathogens
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Disease:
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An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
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Epidemiology
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The study of where and when diseases occur
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Predisposing Factors
examples |
Make the body more susceptible to disease
Short urethra in females Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene Climate and weather Fatigue Age Lifestyle, surroundings Chemotherapy |
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What type of microbiota on the skin
Why |
Gram +
Gram positive bacterial cell walls are extra thick and protect them from salts and other compounds |
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In the scientific name, Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the ________.
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genus
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Which microorganisms are acellular and contain a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat?
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viruses
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Which of the following statements is false?
All fungi are multicellular. All protozoa are unicellular. All bacteria lack nuclear membranes. All fungi have nuclear membranes. All viruses are parasites. |
All fungi are multicellular.
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Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others?
Eukarya Bacteria Fungi Archaea |
Fungi
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You are observing a cell through a microscope and note that it has no apparent nucleus. You conclude that it most likely
Has a peptidoglycan cell wall. Is part of a multicellular animal. Is a plant cell. Moves by pseudopods. Has a cellulose cell wall. |
Has a peptidoglycan cell wall.
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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Jenner – vaccination Pasteur – proof of biogenesis Ehrlich – chemotherapy Van Leeuwenhoek- aseptic surgery |
Van Leeuwenhoek- aseptic surgery
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Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
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These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.
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Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?
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The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner
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Which statement CORRECTLY describes the microbiota of the skin?
On superficial skin surfaces, certain anaerobic bacteria produce fatty acids from oil gland secretions. Vigorous washing will eliminate skin bacteria. Some of the skin microbiota are capable of growth at sodium chloride concentrations of 7.5% or greater. Most microorganisms that grow on the skin are sensitive to drying. |
Some of the skin microbiota are capable of growth at sodium chloride concentrations of 7.5% or greater.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes?
Group M proteins Coagulase-positive Beta-hemolytic Cocci Group A cell wall antigen |
Coagulase-positive
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Which of the following leads to all the others?
Sudden drop in blood pressure Staphylococcal infection Scalded skin syndrome Toxemia TSST-1 |
Staphylococcal infection
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Which region of the skin supports the largest bacterial population?
Scalp Axilla, arm pit Forearms Legs All are equal. |
Axilla, arm pit
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Where in a cell is ATP made?
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mitochondria
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What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
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mRNA
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One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by
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ribosomes
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What is part of the endomembrane system?
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Golgi apparatus
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Where are lipids made in the cell?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
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plasma membrane
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Taxis is
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movement towards or away from a stimulus.
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Why are receptors on the cell surface necessary for bacterial movement?
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The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella.
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What is the advantage to spirochetes of the corkscrew movement provided by axial filaments?
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It allows the cells to move more easily through viscous human tissues and fluids, such as mucus.
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Axial filaments are composed of
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endoflagella
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Which of the following microbes has NOT been associated with bacterial meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Mycobacterium leprae Neisseria meningitidis |
Mycobacterium leprae
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Which of the following is true about the normal microbiota of the nervous system?
Normal microbiota are present in the central nervous system only. Only micrococci are present. There are no normal microbiota. Only transient microbiota are present. Normal microbiota are present in the peripheral nervous system only |
There are no normal microbiota.
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Encephalitis and meningitis are difficult to treat because
They are caused by viruses. Antibiotics damage tissues. Antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood–brain barrier. They are not caused by bacteria. The infections move along peripheral nerves. |
Antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood–brain barrier.
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The most common route of central nervous system invasion by pathogens is through
The gastrointestinal system. The circulatory system. The parenteral route. The skin. Direct penetration into nerves. |
The circulatory system.
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what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl
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Water will move out of the cell
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The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion
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Requires transporter proteins.
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How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
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They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.
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An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as
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T-independent antigens.
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T cells recognized the antigen displayed by what receptor protein of the B cell?
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MHC
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Glycocalyx
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Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane Helps cells stick together, strengthens cell surface, cell to cell recognition? |
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Function of Cell Wall
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Prevents osmotic lysis
Provides structure Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) |
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What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
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mRNA
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One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by
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ribosomes
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Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
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Golgi apparatus
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Where are lipids made in the cell?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
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plasma membrane
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Taxis is
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movement towards or away from a stimulus.
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Why are receptors on the cell surface necessary for bacterial movement?
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The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella.
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What is the advantage to spirochetes of the corkscrew movement provided by axial filaments?
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It allows the cells to move more easily through viscous human tissues and fluids, such as mucus.
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Axial filaments are composed of
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endoflagella
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Which of the following microbes has NOT been associated with bacterial meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Mycobacterium leprae Neisseria meningitidis |
Mycobacterium leprae
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Fimbriae and Pili
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Fimbriae allow attachment Pilli are involved in motility and DNA transfer
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Antiport
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One moves along gradient allowing another to move opposite way against its gradient
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Symport
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One moves along gradient, another moves the same way against its gradient
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Viroids::
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only RNA, does not contain or encode proteins
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Antigen
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A substance (usually protein or polysaccharide) that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
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Hapten:
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a small antigen is combined with carrier molecules
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Antibodies
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Globular proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig)
Produced by B cells |
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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)
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Digest Ag
Ag fragments on APC surface with MHC II B cells Dendritic cells activated macrophages migrate to lymph |
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Multiplication of DNA virus
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DNA-> RNA -> Protein
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AIDS virus uses
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Reverse transcriptase
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