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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
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Binary Fission
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what kindgdoms are made up of Eukaryotic cells?
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Fungi, protozoa, algae, plants and animals
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what is a virus
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infectious agent
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what are 5 characterisitcs of a virus
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-lack independent metabolsim
- reproduce only in living host cells - a simple acellular organization -a protein coat - a single type of nucleic acid |
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How many types of nuclic acids do viruses have?
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1
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Name 5 abilities of living thing
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ability to:
A. Reproduce B. Assimilate nutrients and metabolize them for energy and growth C. Excrete waste products D. React to alterations in the envier. E. to Mutate |
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Are viruses living?
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NO!
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which of the following to viruses share?
ability to: A. Reproduce B. Assimilate nutrients and metabolize them for energy and growth C. Excrete waste products D. React to alterations in the envier. E. to Mutate |
B and C
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What 2 things is Antony van Leuwenhoek known for in 1676?
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1. Invented the micriscope
2. Described everything he observed and saw in detail |
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What is Spontanous Generation?
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belief that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
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Who settled the matter of spontanous generation?
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Louis Pasteur
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Explain how Louis Pasteur proved it to be false? Explain the experiment
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broth was left open... bacteria did not go through all the turns and bends in the glass
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Who showed the role of bacteria is causing disease?
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Koch
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What are Koch's postulates still used for today?
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prove a casual relationship between microorganisms and a specific disease
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What is Koch's 1st postuate?
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1. Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease absent from healthy organisms
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2nd Postulate
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2. Suspected microorganisms must be isolated and growing in a pure culture
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3rd Postulate
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3. Disease must result when the isolated microorganism is injected into a healthy host
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4th Postulate
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4. The same organism must be isolated from the diseased host
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Definition of Taxonomy?
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science of biological classification
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What are the 3 branches of taxonomy?
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1. Classification
2. Nomenclature 3. Identification |
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Practical side
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process of determining that an isolate belongs to a recognized taxa
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Which branch of taxonomy would practical side fall under?
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Identification
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Name the categories of taxonomy
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Super kingdom, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Name the categories of taxonomy in decreasing order
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Super kingdom, Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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In bacterial organisms what us the defintion of a species?
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A collection of strains that share many stable properties
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Definition of STRAIN
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population of organisms that descends from a single organism
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Can a strain within a Species differ from each other?
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Yes, in many ways
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Strains are divided into 3 groups, what are they?
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1. Biovar
2. Morphovars 3. Serovar |
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Biovar
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differ biochemiclly or phsiologically
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Morphovar
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differ morphologically (shape)
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Serovar
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differ antigenetically
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what is the strain of a species designated by?
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Type Strain
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What is a type strain?
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most fully studies, it may be the most represented, and used to conpare other organisms to it *ex: E.coli
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What is the basic taxonmic group is Microbiology
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Species
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Can bacteria reproduce sexually?
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NO
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How to bacteria reproduce?
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Binarry Fission
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Spirillium
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long axis is rigid when organism is in motion
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Spirocete
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long axis BENDS when organism is in motion, can bend to get into cells easier
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Definition of bacteria
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the smallest unicellular microorganisms that have all the necessay protoplasmic equiptment for growth, self multiplication, at the expense of available foodstuffs
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What bacterial shape deal with snapping and slipping?
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Bacilli
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What is snapping?
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when some bacilli divide they bend at the point of division to give 2 organisms a V form
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What is slipping?
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when some bacilli divide they place themselves side by side (picket fense)
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Name 3 special structures
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1. Capsules
2. Spores 3. Flagellum |
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Defintion of a capsule
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a muciglaginous envelope that surrounds the bacteria
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How is the capsule forms?
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formed from the acculation of slime exceeted by the bacterium
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What is the capsule composed of?
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Polysaccharides
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What is the purpose of spores (for our purposes)?
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Survival
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What are Endospores ?
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spores within the cytoplasm of the cell
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What 3 shapes can Endospores be?
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1. Spherical
2. Ellipsoidal 3. Cylindrical |
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What 4 locations can Endospores be?
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1. Central
2. Paracentral 3. Subterminal 4. Terminal |
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What are exospores?
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spores released in to the enviornment
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Name an example of an endospore
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Clostridium bacilli
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Morphology of streptococci
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elongated cocci
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Morphology of Nesseria
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oval or flattened on the sides, cocci
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Morpology of Clostridium
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bacillus, with squared ends
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Morphological shape, looks like commas?
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Vibrio
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What is the flagellum used for?
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locomotion
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what is the defintion of flagellum?
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hair like surface apendages
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Name the 4 groups flagella can be arranged into
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1. Monotrichous
2. Lopotricous 3. Amphitrichous 4. Pentrichious |
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Describe the arrangement monotrichous
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1 pair flagella
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Describe the arrangement Lopotrichous
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many flagellum attached at one end of the cell(in the tuft)
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Describe the arrangement Amphitrichous
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flagellum attached to both ends of the cell
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Describe the arrangement Pentrichious
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Flagellum all around the cell
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What is a differential stain
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Staining procedure that depends on chemical and physical differences in the cell
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Name the most commonly used differential stain
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Gram Stain
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What is a gram stain used for?
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to differentiate between cells based on the differences in their cell walls
Positive or Negative |
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Gram_____ bacteria have tecacidic acid unlike gram _____ bacteria
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POSITIVE, negative
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Is a cell wall a characterisitc of gram negative bacteria or gram positive bacteria?
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Gram positive
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Gram _____ bacteria do not have a cell wall
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Negative
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How are viruses often distinguished?
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The nucliec acids they process
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What are some examples of nucelic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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Nutritional requirements relate to ____?
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the growth in or on a culture medium
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Name 3 types of mediums
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1. Culture mediums
2. Defined mediums 3. Complex mediums |
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A mix of nutrients used to support growth and multiplication is a ____ Medium
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Culture Medium
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A culture medium made of components of a known chemical composition is a _____ medium
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Defined Medium
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A _____ medium contains some ingrediats of an unknown chemical composition.
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Complex medium
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What is an expample of a solidifying agent?
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Agar
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Temperature is a _____ requirement
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physical
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What 3 groups are these organisms divided into (Temperature)
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1. Thermophiles
2. Mesophiles 3. Psychophiles |
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What divion of (temperature) organisms are body pathogens?
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Mesophiles
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The optimum temperature for psychofiles is around?
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15* C
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Growth range of thermophiles?
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45-55*C
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Optiumum temperature for mesophiles growth?
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20-45*C
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what is the temperature range that Mesophiles can grow in?
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15-45* C
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What is the temperature range that Psychophiles can survive and grow in?
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0-20*C
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Which group of organisms can grow at very low temperatures?
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Psychophiles
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Defintion of Metabolism
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total of all chemical reactions in the cell
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Name 3 ways in which organisms can obtain energy
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1. Light
2. Oxidize ON organic compounds 3. Oxidize IN organic comounds |
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A compound capable of inducing the production of antibodies to which they specifically combine is a ?
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Antigen
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What are base ratios used to determine?
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the genetic relatedness among microbes
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What is the hybridization of nucelic acids?
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technical way of determining the homoly or similarity of 2 nucelic acid molecules
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Homologous compounds have similar_____?
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base pairs
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The ability of the microbe to overcome defensive powers of the host and induce diseance is describing?
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Pathogenicity
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Pathogenic organisms have a ______ portal of entry
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defines
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What is virulence?
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the degree or intensity of the disease produced
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Organisms are _____ viulent when freshly discarhared from a patient whom causes the disease
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MOSt
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Organisms harbored by carriers are ____ virulent
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LESS
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Virulence can be ______ by rapid transfer or organisms through a series of susceptible hosts
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INCREASED
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When an organism becomes less virulent for the animal it was originally was highly virulent for is decribing the _________ of virulence
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Transposal
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Transponal of virulence is accomplished though ____?
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repeated animal passage
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Define Animal Passage
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as each animal becomes ill, organisms are isolated and transfered to a well animal
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What are three important things to consider when studying an organisms pathogenicity?
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1. Portal of entry
2. Virulence 3. Attenuation |
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What is attentuation?
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a loss of disease producing ability
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True or False
Hihgly pathogenic organisms can be rendered nonpathogenic if repeatedly subculted on laboratory medium? |
TRUE
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True or False
Artifically elminated virulence can be restored by animal passage |
TRUE
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True or False
The number of microbes is not crucial to an infection |
FALSE
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True or False
To overcome the local defenses of the body the number of microbes is crucial to an infection |
TRUE
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True or False
Microbes must overcome certain mechanical, physiological and chemical barriers at the site of entry |
TRUE
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The most important part of the prokayrotic cell is the ______?
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Cell Wall
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The habitat and distribution of organisms in nature is the _________ characterisitcs
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Ecological
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True or False
Microbial populations do not differ in different ecological niches |
FALSE
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Name 5 functions of the cell wall in bacteria
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1. gives organism shape
2. protection from osmotic lysis 3. Has components that contribute to the cells pathogenicity 4. Protection from toxic substances 5. Site of action of several antibiotics |
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A loss of disease producing ability
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Attentuation
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Hypotonic Sotuion
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the solutes are more concentrated INSIDE the cell then in the enviornment
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Cells + Hypotonic solution --->
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Plasmopthysis
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Describe what happens during Plasmopthysis
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cell swells and lyses
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Defintion of Lysis
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the rutpture and physical disintegration of a cell
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When water enters the cell what can the osmotic pressure reach?
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300/lbs per square inch
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Hypertonic Solution
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solutes are more concentrated in microbial habitat than the cell wall
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True or False
Water leaves the cell when in a hypertonic solution |
TRUE
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Cells + Hypertonic Solution -->
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Plasmolysis
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What happends during Plasmolysis?
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Cytoplam and Membrane shrink away from the cell wall and the cells stop growing
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True or False
During plasmolysis cells continue to grow |
FALSE
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Isotonic Solution
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solutes of microbial habitat and cells are the same
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What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?
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cells neither shrink nor swell
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What substance contributes to the overall structural stability of the cell wall?
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Peptidoglycan
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What is another name for peptidoglycan?
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Murein
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What is a polymer?
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adding repeating units to a molecule
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True or False
Peptidoglcan is a giant biopolymer |
TRUE
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Is the D- or L- form of amino acids found in nature?
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L-form
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True or False
All bacteria contains the same composition of amino acids |
FALSE
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True or False
A set of four identical amino acid side chains is called a quatropeptide |
FALSE Tetrapeptide
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What is the ackbone of peptidoglycan made up of?
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alternating amino sugars
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What 2 amino sugars make up the backbone of peptidoglycan?
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1. N-Acetyl glucose amine (NAG)
2. N- Acetyl muramic acid (NAMA) |
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Name the 4 amino acids in the side chain of the peptidoglcan
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L-Alanine
D-Glutamic Acid L-Lysine D-Alanine D-Alanine (lost) |
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A third part of the bacterial cell wall are what type of bridges?
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peptide cross bridges
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True or False
Another name for cross bridges are interbridges |
TRUE
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True or False
S. aureus has 5 identical glycine molecules that make up its peptide cross bridges |
TRUE
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