Microbiology (Cwu Biol323) -Unit 1

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A particular strain or kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium.

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Culture

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A polymer of nucleotides connected via a phosphate–deoxyribose sugar backbone; the genetic material of cells and some viruses.

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DNA

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A fungus and an alga (or a cyanobacterium) living in symbiotic association.

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Lichen

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A genetic element containing either RNA or DNA and that replicates in cells; has an extracellular form.

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Virus

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Nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms that contain rigid cell walls.

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Fungi

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An endemic disease in rodents caused by Yersinia pestis that is occasionally transferred to humans through the bite of a flea.

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Plague

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An organism that grows in the presence of O2; may be facultative,obligate, or microaerophilic.

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Aerobe

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A soluble protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that interacts with antigens; also called Antibody.

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Immunoglobulin (IG)

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Descent with modification; DNA sequence variation and the inheritance of that variation.

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Evolution

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An organism that grows best in the presence of high levels of solute, typically a sugar.

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Osmophile

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Degree of pathogenicity produced by a pathogen.

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Virulence

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Free of all living organisms and viruses.

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Sterile

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A measurement of suspended solids in water.

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Turbidity

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Florescent in situ hybridization

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F.I.S.H.

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Injury to the host that impairs host function.

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Disease

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An organism that grows in the absence of O2; some may even be killed by O2.

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Anaerobe

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A localized infection characterized by production of pus.

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Abscess

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The ability of an organism to resist infection.

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Immunity

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A virus whose RNA genome has a DNA intermediate as part of its replication cycle.

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Retrovirus

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A differentiated cell formed within the cells of certain gram-positive bacteria that is extremely resistant to heat as well as to other harmful agents.

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Endospore

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The highest level of biological classification. The Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya.

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Domain

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A thin, filamentous organ of motility in prokaryotes that functions by rotating.

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Flagellum

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Microbial colonies encased in an adhesive, usually polysaccharide material and attached to a surface.

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Biofilm

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Inflammation of the meninges (brain tissue), sometimes caused by Neisseria meningitidis and characterized by sudden onset of headache, vomiting, and stiff neck, often progressing to coma within hours.

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Meningitis

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A symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.

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Mycorrhiza

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An organism with a growth temperature optimum between 45 and 80°C.

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Thermophile

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A zone of lysis or cell inhibition caused by virus infection on a lawn of cells.

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Plaque

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Eukaryotic organelle responsible for the processes of respiration and electron transport phosphorylation.

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Mitochondrion

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An organism adapted to growth at very low water potentials.

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Xerophile

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

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E.L.I.S.A.

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One of a group of emerging tick-transmitted diseases caused by rickettsias of the Ehrlichia genus.

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Ehrlichiosis

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A virus that infects prokaryotic cells.

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Bacteriophage

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Treatment of HIV infection with two or more antiretroviral drugs at once to inhibit the development of drug resistance.

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Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

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The forestomach of ruminant animals in which cellulose digestion occurs.

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Rumen

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Anoxygenic phototrophs containing bacteriochlorophyll g.

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heliobacteria

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All prokaryotes that are not members of the domain Archaea.

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Bacteria

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A pathogen product capable of eliciting an inappropriately strong immune response by stimulating greater than normal numbers of T cells.

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Super Antigen

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The use of computer programs to analyze, store, and access DNA and protein sequences.

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Bioinformatics

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In immunology, the quantity of antibody present in a solution.

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Titer

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The total complement of genetic information of a cell or a virus.

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Genome

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Fever inducing

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Pyrogenic

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Organism living in the temperature range near that of warm-blooded animals and usually showing a growth temperature optimum between 25 and 40°C.

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Mesophile

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A nutritional situation in which two or more organisms combine their metabolic capabilities to catabolize a substance not capable of being catabolized by either one alone.

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Syntrophy

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The total number of new and existing disease cases reported in a population in a given time period.

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Prevalence

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Growth of an organism within a host.

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Infection

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Food poisoning due to ingestion of food containing botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.

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Botulism

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Infection contracted in a hospital or healthcare setting.

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Nosocomial

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A disease, primarily of animals, that is occasionally transmitted to humans.

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Zoonosis

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A chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism.

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Antibiotic

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An organism that grows best at acidic pH values.

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Acidophile

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A sterilizer that destroys microorganisms with temperature and steam under pressure.

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Autoclave

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An organism able to grow on CO2 as sole source of carbon.

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Autotroph

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An endemic disease present in an animal population.

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Enzootic

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An organism able to grow at low temperatures and showing a growth temperature optimum of 15°C.

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Psychrophyle

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An organism capable of oxidizing methane.

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Methylotroph

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A term that describes polysaccharide components outside of the bacterial cell wall; usually a loose network of polymer fibers extending outward from the cell.

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glycocalyx

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An organism that grows optimally under one or more chemical or physical extremes, such as high or low temperature or pH.

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Extremophile

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An organism requiring salt (NaCl) for growth.

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Halophile

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Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs containing chlorophyll a and phycobilins.

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Cyanobacteria

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Soluble glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells that coat the mucous membrane.

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Mucus

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A protein released extracellularly by a microorganism as it grows that produces immediate host cell damage.

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Exotoxin

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Filamentous fungi.

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Molds

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An insect-transmitted disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and anemia caused by the protist Plasmodium spp., usually transmitted between mammals through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito.

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Malaria

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Complex lipid structure containing unusual sugars and fatty acids found in most gram-negative Bacteria and constituting the chemical structure of the outer membrane.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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A nucleotide that is the primary form in which chemical energy is conserved and utilized in cells.

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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An infectious protein whose extracellular form contains no nucleic acid.

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Prion

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A genetic region with genes that encode several proteins important for antigen presentation and other host defense functions.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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An immunological assay employing radioactive antibody or antigen for the detection of antigen or antibody binding.

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Radioimmunoassay (RIA)