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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbiology Definition |
The study of microorganisms (organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye) |
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What are the macromolecules? |
Proteins, Lipids, Polysaccharides and Nucleic Acids |
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Who created scientific names? |
Carl Linneus |
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What are the 3 major life domains? |
Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea |
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What are 3 features of bacteria and archaea? |
They are usually unicellular, have circular DNA and have no membrane bound organelles |
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What are some characteristics of living organisms? |
Growth, Reproduction, Metabolism, Communication, Homeostasis and can respond to environment |
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Who was the first to see bacteria under a single lens microscope? |
Leeuwenhoek |
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What is the spontaneous generation hypothesis? |
living organisms can originate spontaneously from non-living or decaying matter |
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What is Biogenesis? |
life forms arise from other living things of the same kind |
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What did Louis Pasteur do? |
He disproved spontaneous generation through his swan neck experiment and also developed pasteurization that we use for milk today |
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What did Ferdinand Cohn do? |
He is the father of bacteriology and found the first bacillus endospores |
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What is the Germ theory of disease? |
Microorganisms are the cause of infectious diseases
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What are the rules of Koch's posulate? |
1. The suspected pathogen should be present in all cases of disease 2. The pathogen should be harvested in a pure culture 3. The pathogen should cause disease in a disease free animal 4. The pathogen should then be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original |
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What does Aseptic mean? |
Reduction of microbes |
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What does Sterile mean? |
Completely free of all life forms |
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What did Jospeh Lister do? |
He was the first to perform an aseptic surgery which decreased post-op infections. |
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What is normal flora? |
microbes normally found on our skin and in our bodies that have many beneficial functions |
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What do Nitrogen fixing bacteria on legumes do? |
Convert atmospheric N2 into fixed nitrogen (NH3) that plants can use |
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What can cows do? |
They have rumen in their stomachs which allow them to break down and digest cellulose |
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What is bioremediation? |
microbes can be used to consume spilled oil, solvents, pesticides, and other environmentally toxic pollutants |
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How much biomass is microbes? |
microbial cells on Earth is on the order of 5 × 10^30 cells |
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What is the genetic set up for a prokaryote? |
prokaryote DNA is found in the nucleoid region and they also contain plasmids that are not essential for growth. |
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What organelles and species are connected via endosymbiosis? |
Cyanobacteria and Chloroplasts |
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How do we classify organisms on the phylogenetic tree of life? |
All organisms can be compared by studying their ribosomal RNA
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What is a phototroph? |
An organism that contains pigment that allows it to obtain energy from light rays
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What is a Chemoorganotroph? |
an organism that obtains energy from the oxidation of organic compounds |
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What is a Chemolithotroph? |
an organism that obtains energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds (source of energy is H2 gas) |
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What is anoxygenic photosynthesis? |
no oxygen is produced and the first photosynthetic bacteria used this method (green and purple bacteria) |
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What is oxygenic photosynthesis? |
oxygen is produced and resulted in the earth's oxygen rich atmosphere |
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What 3 methods do chemoorganotrophs use? |
Fermentation, aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
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What are autotrophs? |
can use CO2 |
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What are heterotrophs? |
use carbon from other living compounds |
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Who were the earliest descendants of ancient bacteria? |
Thermophiles (green non sulfur bacteria) |
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What is the largest phylum of bacteria? |
Proteobacteria
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Which bacteria does not contain a cell wall |
Mycoplasma |
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What pathogens cause syphilis and lime disease? |
Spirochetes |
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What are chlamydia? |
they are obligatory intracellular parasites and must grown inside of a body |
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What are Deinococcus? |
bacterial species that have cell walls that are especially resistant to radiation and can reassemble their chromosomes even after they've been shattered by radiation |
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What are plantomyces |
aquatic bacteria that look like a snowflake |
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What are extremophiles? |
Organisms that thrive under harsh conditions (pH, temperature, pressure) |
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What domain has the most extremophiles? |
Archaea |
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Which Archaea has no cell wall? |
Thermoplasma |
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Many Archaea are methanogens, what does this mean? |
Many archaea generate methane as a waste product |
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What domain does Yeast belong in? |
Yeast is eukaryotic |
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What is the scientific name for bakers yeast? |
Saccharomyes Cerrevisiae |
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What are Lichens? |
Mutualistic associations in which the algae produce energy and the fungi anchors and protects it |
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What kind of microscope is used in the lab? |
A brightfield compound light microscope |
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What is magnification? |
Increase in object size |
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What is resolution? |
the capacity to distinguish two points as separate |
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What is the resolution of a compound light microscope? |
0.2 μm |
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What is the resolution of a human eye |
0.1 mm |
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What is contrast? |
The ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding |
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What is a phase contrast microscope? |
has improved contrast and one can see unstained live samples |
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What is the Darkfield microscope? |
has a greater resolution and only the specimen is illuminated |
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What is a fluorescent light microscope? |
allows visualization of fluorescent structures like chloroplasts |
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What is a Transmission Electron Microscope? |
You can observe fine internal structures of the microbe in 2D. |
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What is a scanning electron microscope? |
A 3D image taken after the microbe is coated in a heavy metal stain |
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How much more resolving power does electron microscopes have than a light microscope ? |
1000 X |
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What is the benefit of a large surface to volume ratio? |
Ability to exchange nutrients and waste with the environment and also faster division and nutrient uptake |
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What do sterols and hopanoids do? |
Give strength and rigidity to the cell membrane |
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Where are sterols found? Where are hopanoids found? |
Sterols in eukarya and mycoplasma and hopanoids in bacteria |
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What is proton motive force? |
An electrochemical gradient of protons |
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What are bacterial walls made of? |
Peptidoglycan |
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What are the two alternating sugars in the Glycan backbone of peptidoglycan? |
N-acetylglucosamine and N- acetylmuramic acid |
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What are some features of Gram negative cells? |
1. outermembrane is rich in lipopolysaccharide 2. theres porins in the outer layer 3. thinner peptidoglycan cell wall 4. large periplasmic space |
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What are some features of Gram positive cells? |
1. No outer membrane 2. contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid 3. Thick peptidoglycan cell wall 4. Small periplasmic space
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What are the components of lipopolysaccharide? |
A complex sugar polymer bound to lipid A (endotoxin) |
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What is lysozyme? |
An antibacterial enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan |
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How can proteoplasts be formed? |
By digesting the cell wall with lysozyme in an isotonic solution |
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How does cell lysis occur in proteoplasts? |
By digesting the cell wall with lysozyme in a hypotonic solution |
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What is the cell wall of Nocardia and Mycobacteria? |
Mycolic Acid (Can be stained by acid fast staining technique) |
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What is the membrane of an archaea like? |
Its a lipid monolayer of biphyntanyl (ether) |
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What kinds of cell walls can archaea have? |
polysaccharide cell walls, paracystalline S-layer and pseudopeptidoglycan |
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What is the structure of an active transport protein? |
12 alpha helixes |
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Scientific name for syphilis |
Treponema pallidum |
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Scientific name for syphilis |
Treponema pallidum |
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Scientific name for Lyme disease |
Borrelia burgdorfi |
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Scientific name for chlamydia |
Chlamydia trachomatis |
