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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Two ways Acquired Immunity is generated
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Active and Passive
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Active Acq. Immunity
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exposure to foreign Ag produces Abs (and possibly T lymphocytes)
slow acting but induces memory |
Natural - exposure to Ag (illness)
Artificial - exposure to dead or weakened pathogen (vaccination) |
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Passive Acq. Immunity
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Abs received from donor who was exposed to Ag; fast acting, temporary protection only
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Natural - Abs from mother, across placenta to fetus or breast milk to newborn
Artificial - Isolated Abs (gamma gobulin, antiserum, antivenom, antitoxin) ex - rabies, tetanus |
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Vaccination
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innoculation with weakened, dead, or fractionated microbes to generate immunity; frequently the only feasible method of controlling viral diseases
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most efficient and cost effective method of disease control; used against bacteria and viruses; viral vaccines are most effective and longer lasting than bacterial
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Why are viral vaccines more effective than bacterial counterparts?
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capsid and spike proteins are more antigenic than polysaccharides of cell envelope
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Why is it not necessary to vaccinate 100% of population?
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Herd immunity - immunity in most of pop'n limits outbreaks to a few cases
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One type of Vaccine that uses live pathogens
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Attenuated (live) vaccines (ex - MMR (combined), Cowpox, Polio (Sabin) (oral, dangerous))
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uses pathogens with reduced virulence (weakened); can result in mild infection (replication); active microbes stimulate a strong immune response because of active intracellular infection and many antigens; modified microbes may still cause disease or revert to wildtype
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One type of Vaccine that uses killed pathogens
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Inactivated (killed) vaccines (ex - Polio (salk) (injected, safe))
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whole agent vaccines (entire microbe); safer than attenuated vaccines; antigenically weak because no intracellular replication and requires boosters; often combined with adjuvants
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One type of Vaccine that uses inactivated toxins
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Toxoid vaccines; antigenically weak - few epitopes and requires boosters (ex - Diphtheria, tetanus)
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Conjugate Vaccine
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combines bacterial capsule polysaccharide with toxoid protein (tetanus, diphtheria)
makes capsular components more immunogenic (ex - Hib vaccine that protects against meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza b) |
just FYI - immunogenic means relating to or denoting substances able to produce an immune response
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Subunit Vaccines
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administer antigenic determinants only, produced with recombinant DNA technology
effective, safe, inexpensive |
ex - Hepatitis B, Human papilloma virus (HPV)
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Adjuvants
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chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity
stimulate inflammation slows processing and degradation of Ag |
ex - Aluminum salts
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Dream Vaccine
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not injected, lifelong immunity, single dose, stable without refrigeration, affordable, no interference with other vaccines
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Vaccine Safety
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mild toxicity
risk of anaphylactic shock from allergic rxn to egg, adjuvant, or preservative residual virulence from attenuated viruses (oral polio, 1/2 mil. got polio) |
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