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110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
any agent capable of eliciting a response from the immune system is called an ______
antigen
the major developments of the science of immunology occurred after what new disease immerged?
HIV/AIDS
what vaccine did edward jenner discover?
small pox
what did edward jenner use for his vaccine?
cow pox
pasteur discovered what principle about vaccines?
a loss of virulence allows vaccines to work
what vaccine did pasteur make?
rabies
define natural (innate) immunity
immunity that you were born with, requires no exposure to organisms
list and define the six categories of natural (innate) immunity
-physical barriers: skin and mucous membranes and the chemicals the secrete
-chemical barriers: antimicrobial substances in body fluids, such as salliva, mucous and gastric juices
-cellular defenses: certain cells that phagocytize invading microorganisms
-inflammation: reddening, swelling and temperature increases in tissues at the site of infection
-fever: the elevation of body temp. to kill invading agents and or inactivate their toxic products
-molecular defenses: interferon and complement that destroy or impede invading microbes
define acquired immunity.
resistance to specific diseases on foreign substances that evelops during a person's lifetime
what is the difference between active and passive immunity?
active: the immune system takes an active role in developing resistance (most things)
passive: antibodies are transferred from one person to another
give 2 examples of passive immunity
-fetus across the placenta
-to an infant to colostrum (means first milk) and breast milk
humoral immunity is mediated or driven by what?
antibody mediated/driven
humoral immunity defends the body against what things?
most effective in defending the body of foreigns substances outside the cell (bacterial toxins, bacteria and viruses before these agents enter cells)
do cellular immune responses occur when antigens are inaccessible to antibodies?
yes; cellular immune responses
cellular immunity defends the body against what things?
antigens embedded in cell membranes or are inside host cells and are inaccessible to antibodies: fungi, eukaryotic parasites, cancer and foreign tissues: transplanted organs
humoral immunity defends the body against what things?
most effective in defending the body of foreigns substances outside of the cell (bacterial toxins, bacteria and viruses before these agents enter cells)
do cellular immune responses occur when antigens are inaccessible to antibodies?
yes: cellular immune responses
cellular immunity defends the body against what things?
antigens are embedded in cell membranes or are inside host cells and are inaccessible to antibodies: fungi, eukaryotic parasites cancer, and foriegn tissues as well as transplanted organs
what are the 6 qualities of antigens that evoke strong immune responses
foreign, large, protein (sugar, lipid, nucleic acid), living is better than non-living, multiple antigenic determinants, found on the surfaces of cells
define hapten and give an example
molecules that are too small to be good antigens: ex: penicillin: attaches to albumin to become bigger
list the five features of immune responses
sepcificty, diversity, memory, self-limitation, tolerance
describe specificity
highly specific: lock and key, determinants and epitopes
describe diversity
immunological repertoire is very large: we can respond to greater than 1 billion distinct epitopes
describe memory
second and following exposures to antigen evoke greater responses
describe self-limitation
following elimination of Ag the immune response tapers off: lymphocytes become qiescent (great strength remaining silent): the immune response is a negative feedback loop
describe discrimination of self from non-self
tolerance: autoimmunity: if this isn't functioning autoimmune disease can occur
what are the organs of the immune system? who are they connected?
spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow; connected by the lymphatic system
what are the five types of immune cells?
B cells; Macrophages, T4 Cells, T8 cells and natural killer cells
describe the function of B cells
lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response: B cells respond only when stimulated by Ag by making Ab and memory cells: only cells capable of making antibodies
what is the key structural component of B cells?
antigens and antibodies meet at the Y
define the function on macrophages
cells found in tissue that are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris. macrophages also present fragments of antigens that they have ingested with MHC class II to T4 cells. part of the cell-mediated immunity immune system: have the most transmembrane proteins of all the cells
describe the function of T4 cells (or helper T cells)
white blood cells that are involved in activation and direction other immune cells. have T cell receptors that bind to fragments of antigens (peptides) that are displayed attached to MHC class II of the surfaces of antigen presenting cells (macrophages) then the helper T cells secrete cytokines
what are the 4 cytokines associated with T4 helper cells?
cytokine IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-g
describe cytokine IL-4
B cell activator that increases the growth rate of B cells and increases the amount of antibody that B cells make
describe Cytokine IL-2
t cell activator increases theh elping activity of the T helper cells and increases the killing ability of the T cytolytic cells and an NK cell activator
describe cytokine IL-12
t cell activator that works like IL-2 and NK cell activator
describe Cytokines IFN-g (interferon-gamma)
macrophage activator that increases phagocytosis and makes the macrophage angry, also a potent antiviral cytokine
describe T8 cytolytic cells
white blood cells that have on its surface T cell receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens that are displayed (attached) to MHC class I
-the peptides that are displayed can be from virus or some other intracellula pathogen, also peptides from every protein made in the cell (all intracellular proteins)
-once cytolytic T cells are activated by the peptide MHC class I complex the cytolytic T cell divides to form a memory cell and then dumps perforin which forms pores in the target cell's membrane. This courses ions and water to flow into the target cell causing it to expand and lyse
-the cytolytic T cells also release granzyme that can enter target cells and induce apoptosis (cell death)
describe natural killer cells
white blood cells that remove cells in our bodies that are "pre-cancerous" before they become a full blown tumor. NK cells weaken the target cell's plasma membrane, causing water and ions to diffuse into the cell causing it to expand until lyses occurs
which immune response produces more antibody, the primary response or the secondary?
secondary
how many antigens can one b cell recognize
each antigen on the B cell can only react to one
which immunoglobulin is first made during a primary reponse?
IgM
which immunoglobulin is most abundant in plasma
IgG
which immunoglobulin is located in the membrane of B cells
IgD
which immunoglobulin protects body secretions
IgA
which immunoglobulin is the only one to go from mother to fetus?
IgG
which immunoglobulin is responsible for the symptoms of allergy
IgE
which immunoglobulin is made in abundance after the secondary response?
IgG
what are the three types of damage that antibody can cause?
-cover up the Ag so it cannot bind to its target site: like an army surrounding an enemy
-activate compliment: recruitment and activation of macrophages: punching holes in the membrane right next to where the Ab is bound: can punch a lot of holes a little bit of antibody can punch a lot of holes: compliment is a series of proteins that act in sequence and have 2 major functions
-can bind to CD16 and make other cells (phagocytic or cytolytic-NK) more effective: CD16 is also referred to as the Fc receptor because that is the area of the Ab molecule that it binds to
Activating complement results in what three things?
enhanced phagocytosis, bacterial lysis and amplification of antibody
b cells only respond when and by making what?
when stimulated by Ag by making Ab and memory cells
if self-reactive antibodies are not destroyed during development, what could that lead to?
to protect the body from being attacked, having antibodies produced against itself
the genes for making MHC Class I and II are located on which chromosome?
chromosome 6
MHC class I is present on what type of cells? name the cell type that it is NOT found on normally
found on all nucleated cells of the body: NOT found on RBC
cells that synthesize and release antibody molecules into circulation are called?
plasma cells
what are epitopes?
binding sites
list all of the types of antigens which are presented by MHC class I
intracellular: self proteins, virally infected cells and precancerous cells
list all of the types of antigens which are presented by MHC class II
extracellular: bacteria, viruses that haven't been taken in to the cell, cellular debris
MHC class I presents antigen to what cells? how do these cells respond?
T8: they kill the cell if it is non self
MHC class II presents antigen to what cells, how do these cells repond?
presents to T4 cells: produce cytokines
what molecule on T cells recognizes "foreignness"?
MHC class II
T cells are what kind of cells?
lymphocytes
what are examples of intracellular antigens? they are presented to what MHC class?
viruses, self proteins and tumor proteins: MHC classI
what are examples of extracellular antigens, presented to what MHC class?
bacteria, degraded proteins and some viruses; MHC class II
what digestive enzymes do T8 cells produce to kill cells presented by MHC class I?
perforin and granzymes: they punch holes in the target cell and cause its death
how do NK cells destroy precancerous cells?
activated to become more viscous by both IL-2 and IL-12. some mechanism of T8 cells destroy by pouring digestive enzymes (perforin and granzymes) on to them
list the three phases of the immune response
cognitive phase, activation phase and effector phase
describe the cognitive phase of the immune response
binding of antigen to pre-existing antigen receptors on the surface of T and B cells
describe the activation phase of the immune response
sequence of events that result in:
-recognition of foreignness
-activation of the appropriate type of immune response
-amplification of the immune response
what are the 4 signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response?
increase in temperature, redness, swelling, pain at the injured site
what is the intentional administration of antigen to produce specific immunity called?
immunization
which make better vaccines, live or dead?
live: ex: tetanus
what is a good example of a vaccine that requires boosters
tetanus
why are flu vaccines different each year?
because the virus itself changes: antigenic shift and drift
why don't we have a vaccine for HIV?
the virus mutates too quickly
why dont we have a vaccine for the common cold?
there are too many causative agents
what is a type I hypersensitivity called?
immediate
what is a type II hypersensitivity called?
cytotoxic
what is a type III hypersensitivity called?
immune complex
what is a type IV hypersensitivity called?
cell mediated or delayed
what antibody is produced in Type I hypersensitivity?
IgE because the B cells its found on are on the mucous membranes: immediat
which chemical in Type I HS causes increased vasodilation, pain and itching?
histamine: the cells degranulate: spewing the histamine when it comes in contact with the pollen or whatever antigen that is entering the body; causing the allergic reactions
be aware of some common allergens. what 2 things is Prof McNeely allergic to?
penicillin and bee stings
when should epinephrine be given?
must be administered immediately or death will occur
what does the wheal and flare refer to?
redness and swelling
what is respiratory anaphylaxis? what disease is it associated with?
the airways become severely constricted and filled with mucous; associated with asthma
what physically happens in anaphylactic shock?
blood vessels abruptly dilate and become more permeable causing a life threatening drop in blood pressure: insect bites and stings are the common culprits
what happens with Type II HS?
reactions occur when the immune system attacks and kills cells in the body
give three examples of the Type II HS
rheumatic fever, transfusion reactions (if you're given the wrong blood type), hemolytic disease of the newborn (associated with RH factor)
what cells mediate type IV HS?
T4 cells and macrophages
how long does it take for a type IV HS to occur?
more than 12 hours to develop
what is contact dermatitis?
generally caused by very small allergens: poison ivy, metal ions, plastics and some topical medications
what is urushiol?
the oil found in poison ivy that causes contact dermatitis: can be relieved by washing with a strong detergent (immediately)
tuberculin is example of what type of HS?
Type IV
what is the number one killer world wide?
Tuberculin
what genome does HIV take up residence?
in the T4 genome
Which cell type makes bacterial peptides during processing and presentation in class II MHC?
macrophages
T or F: Colostrum is an example of active immunitity.
False
How many different antigens can one B cell recognize?
one
T or F: Cytokine IL-2 and IL-12 activates natural killer cells.
True
Which type of peptide does the T8 cell respond to?
intracellular
what does NOT evoke a strong immune response?
haptens
Plays a large role in the humural response
B-cells
Produce antibodies
b-cells
Removes precancerous cells
NK cells
describe cell diagram of T4 cell
3 epitopes + rounded
describe cell diagram of B-cell
3 epitopes: "meet at the Y"
describe cell diagram of T8 cell
3 epitopes + squared
describe the cell diagram of NK cells
question mark
describe the cell diagram of the macrophage
4 epitopes + rounded: biggest eater = most binding sites