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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
any agent capable of eliciting a response from the immune system is called an ______
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antigen
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the major developments of the science of immunology occurred after what new disease immerged?
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HIV/AIDS
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what vaccine did edward jenner discover?
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small pox
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what did edward jenner use for his vaccine?
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cow pox
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pasteur discovered what principle about vaccines?
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a loss of virulence allows vaccines to work
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what vaccine did pasteur make?
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rabies
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define natural (innate) immunity
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immunity that you were born with, requires no exposure to organisms
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list and define the six categories of natural (innate) immunity
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-physical barriers: skin and mucous membranes and the chemicals the secrete
-chemical barriers: antimicrobial substances in body fluids, such as salliva, mucous and gastric juices -cellular defenses: certain cells that phagocytize invading microorganisms -inflammation: reddening, swelling and temperature increases in tissues at the site of infection -fever: the elevation of body temp. to kill invading agents and or inactivate their toxic products -molecular defenses: interferon and complement that destroy or impede invading microbes |
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define acquired immunity.
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resistance to specific diseases on foreign substances that evelops during a person's lifetime
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what is the difference between active and passive immunity?
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active: the immune system takes an active role in developing resistance (most things)
passive: antibodies are transferred from one person to another |
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give 2 examples of passive immunity
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-fetus across the placenta
-to an infant to colostrum (means first milk) and breast milk |
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humoral immunity is mediated or driven by what?
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antibody mediated/driven
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humoral immunity defends the body against what things?
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most effective in defending the body of foreigns substances outside the cell (bacterial toxins, bacteria and viruses before these agents enter cells)
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do cellular immune responses occur when antigens are inaccessible to antibodies?
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yes; cellular immune responses
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cellular immunity defends the body against what things?
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antigens embedded in cell membranes or are inside host cells and are inaccessible to antibodies: fungi, eukaryotic parasites, cancer and foreign tissues: transplanted organs
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humoral immunity defends the body against what things?
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most effective in defending the body of foreigns substances outside of the cell (bacterial toxins, bacteria and viruses before these agents enter cells)
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do cellular immune responses occur when antigens are inaccessible to antibodies?
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yes: cellular immune responses
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cellular immunity defends the body against what things?
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antigens are embedded in cell membranes or are inside host cells and are inaccessible to antibodies: fungi, eukaryotic parasites cancer, and foriegn tissues as well as transplanted organs
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what are the 6 qualities of antigens that evoke strong immune responses
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foreign, large, protein (sugar, lipid, nucleic acid), living is better than non-living, multiple antigenic determinants, found on the surfaces of cells
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define hapten and give an example
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molecules that are too small to be good antigens: ex: penicillin: attaches to albumin to become bigger
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list the five features of immune responses
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sepcificty, diversity, memory, self-limitation, tolerance
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describe specificity
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highly specific: lock and key, determinants and epitopes
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describe diversity
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immunological repertoire is very large: we can respond to greater than 1 billion distinct epitopes
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describe memory
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second and following exposures to antigen evoke greater responses
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describe self-limitation
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following elimination of Ag the immune response tapers off: lymphocytes become qiescent (great strength remaining silent): the immune response is a negative feedback loop
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describe discrimination of self from non-self
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tolerance: autoimmunity: if this isn't functioning autoimmune disease can occur
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what are the organs of the immune system? who are they connected?
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spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow; connected by the lymphatic system
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what are the five types of immune cells?
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B cells; Macrophages, T4 Cells, T8 cells and natural killer cells
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describe the function of B cells
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lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response: B cells respond only when stimulated by Ag by making Ab and memory cells: only cells capable of making antibodies
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what is the key structural component of B cells?
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antigens and antibodies meet at the Y
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define the function on macrophages
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cells found in tissue that are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris. macrophages also present fragments of antigens that they have ingested with MHC class II to T4 cells. part of the cell-mediated immunity immune system: have the most transmembrane proteins of all the cells
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describe the function of T4 cells (or helper T cells)
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white blood cells that are involved in activation and direction other immune cells. have T cell receptors that bind to fragments of antigens (peptides) that are displayed attached to MHC class II of the surfaces of antigen presenting cells (macrophages) then the helper T cells secrete cytokines
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what are the 4 cytokines associated with T4 helper cells?
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cytokine IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-g
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describe cytokine IL-4
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B cell activator that increases the growth rate of B cells and increases the amount of antibody that B cells make
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describe Cytokine IL-2
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t cell activator increases theh elping activity of the T helper cells and increases the killing ability of the T cytolytic cells and an NK cell activator
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describe cytokine IL-12
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t cell activator that works like IL-2 and NK cell activator
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describe Cytokines IFN-g (interferon-gamma)
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macrophage activator that increases phagocytosis and makes the macrophage angry, also a potent antiviral cytokine
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describe T8 cytolytic cells
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white blood cells that have on its surface T cell receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens that are displayed (attached) to MHC class I
-the peptides that are displayed can be from virus or some other intracellula pathogen, also peptides from every protein made in the cell (all intracellular proteins) -once cytolytic T cells are activated by the peptide MHC class I complex the cytolytic T cell divides to form a memory cell and then dumps perforin which forms pores in the target cell's membrane. This courses ions and water to flow into the target cell causing it to expand and lyse -the cytolytic T cells also release granzyme that can enter target cells and induce apoptosis (cell death) |
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describe natural killer cells
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white blood cells that remove cells in our bodies that are "pre-cancerous" before they become a full blown tumor. NK cells weaken the target cell's plasma membrane, causing water and ions to diffuse into the cell causing it to expand until lyses occurs
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which immune response produces more antibody, the primary response or the secondary?
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secondary
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how many antigens can one b cell recognize
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each antigen on the B cell can only react to one
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which immunoglobulin is first made during a primary reponse?
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IgM
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which immunoglobulin is most abundant in plasma
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IgG
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which immunoglobulin is located in the membrane of B cells
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IgD
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which immunoglobulin protects body secretions
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IgA
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which immunoglobulin is the only one to go from mother to fetus?
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IgG
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which immunoglobulin is responsible for the symptoms of allergy
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IgE
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which immunoglobulin is made in abundance after the secondary response?
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IgG
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what are the three types of damage that antibody can cause?
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-cover up the Ag so it cannot bind to its target site: like an army surrounding an enemy
-activate compliment: recruitment and activation of macrophages: punching holes in the membrane right next to where the Ab is bound: can punch a lot of holes a little bit of antibody can punch a lot of holes: compliment is a series of proteins that act in sequence and have 2 major functions -can bind to CD16 and make other cells (phagocytic or cytolytic-NK) more effective: CD16 is also referred to as the Fc receptor because that is the area of the Ab molecule that it binds to |
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Activating complement results in what three things?
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enhanced phagocytosis, bacterial lysis and amplification of antibody
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b cells only respond when and by making what?
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when stimulated by Ag by making Ab and memory cells
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if self-reactive antibodies are not destroyed during development, what could that lead to?
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to protect the body from being attacked, having antibodies produced against itself
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the genes for making MHC Class I and II are located on which chromosome?
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chromosome 6
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MHC class I is present on what type of cells? name the cell type that it is NOT found on normally
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found on all nucleated cells of the body: NOT found on RBC
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cells that synthesize and release antibody molecules into circulation are called?
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plasma cells
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what are epitopes?
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binding sites
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list all of the types of antigens which are presented by MHC class I
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intracellular: self proteins, virally infected cells and precancerous cells
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list all of the types of antigens which are presented by MHC class II
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extracellular: bacteria, viruses that haven't been taken in to the cell, cellular debris
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MHC class I presents antigen to what cells? how do these cells respond?
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T8: they kill the cell if it is non self
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MHC class II presents antigen to what cells, how do these cells repond?
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presents to T4 cells: produce cytokines
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what molecule on T cells recognizes "foreignness"?
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MHC class II
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T cells are what kind of cells?
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lymphocytes
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what are examples of intracellular antigens? they are presented to what MHC class?
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viruses, self proteins and tumor proteins: MHC classI
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what are examples of extracellular antigens, presented to what MHC class?
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bacteria, degraded proteins and some viruses; MHC class II
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what digestive enzymes do T8 cells produce to kill cells presented by MHC class I?
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perforin and granzymes: they punch holes in the target cell and cause its death
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how do NK cells destroy precancerous cells?
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activated to become more viscous by both IL-2 and IL-12. some mechanism of T8 cells destroy by pouring digestive enzymes (perforin and granzymes) on to them
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list the three phases of the immune response
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cognitive phase, activation phase and effector phase
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describe the cognitive phase of the immune response
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binding of antigen to pre-existing antigen receptors on the surface of T and B cells
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describe the activation phase of the immune response
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sequence of events that result in:
-recognition of foreignness -activation of the appropriate type of immune response -amplification of the immune response |
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what are the 4 signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response?
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increase in temperature, redness, swelling, pain at the injured site
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what is the intentional administration of antigen to produce specific immunity called?
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immunization
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which make better vaccines, live or dead?
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live: ex: tetanus
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what is a good example of a vaccine that requires boosters
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tetanus
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why are flu vaccines different each year?
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because the virus itself changes: antigenic shift and drift
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why don't we have a vaccine for HIV?
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the virus mutates too quickly
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why dont we have a vaccine for the common cold?
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there are too many causative agents
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what is a type I hypersensitivity called?
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immediate
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what is a type II hypersensitivity called?
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cytotoxic
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what is a type III hypersensitivity called?
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immune complex
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what is a type IV hypersensitivity called?
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cell mediated or delayed
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what antibody is produced in Type I hypersensitivity?
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IgE because the B cells its found on are on the mucous membranes: immediat
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which chemical in Type I HS causes increased vasodilation, pain and itching?
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histamine: the cells degranulate: spewing the histamine when it comes in contact with the pollen or whatever antigen that is entering the body; causing the allergic reactions
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be aware of some common allergens. what 2 things is Prof McNeely allergic to?
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penicillin and bee stings
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when should epinephrine be given?
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must be administered immediately or death will occur
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what does the wheal and flare refer to?
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redness and swelling
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what is respiratory anaphylaxis? what disease is it associated with?
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the airways become severely constricted and filled with mucous; associated with asthma
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what physically happens in anaphylactic shock?
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blood vessels abruptly dilate and become more permeable causing a life threatening drop in blood pressure: insect bites and stings are the common culprits
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what happens with Type II HS?
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reactions occur when the immune system attacks and kills cells in the body
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give three examples of the Type II HS
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rheumatic fever, transfusion reactions (if you're given the wrong blood type), hemolytic disease of the newborn (associated with RH factor)
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what cells mediate type IV HS?
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T4 cells and macrophages
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how long does it take for a type IV HS to occur?
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more than 12 hours to develop
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what is contact dermatitis?
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generally caused by very small allergens: poison ivy, metal ions, plastics and some topical medications
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what is urushiol?
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the oil found in poison ivy that causes contact dermatitis: can be relieved by washing with a strong detergent (immediately)
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tuberculin is example of what type of HS?
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Type IV
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what is the number one killer world wide?
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Tuberculin
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what genome does HIV take up residence?
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in the T4 genome
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Which cell type makes bacterial peptides during processing and presentation in class II MHC?
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macrophages
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T or F: Colostrum is an example of active immunitity.
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False
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How many different antigens can one B cell recognize?
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one
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T or F: Cytokine IL-2 and IL-12 activates natural killer cells.
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True
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Which type of peptide does the T8 cell respond to?
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intracellular
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what does NOT evoke a strong immune response?
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haptens
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Plays a large role in the humural response
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B-cells
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Produce antibodies
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b-cells
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Removes precancerous cells
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NK cells
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describe cell diagram of T4 cell
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3 epitopes + rounded
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describe cell diagram of B-cell
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3 epitopes: "meet at the Y"
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describe cell diagram of T8 cell
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3 epitopes + squared
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describe the cell diagram of NK cells
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question mark
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describe the cell diagram of the macrophage
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4 epitopes + rounded: biggest eater = most binding sites
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