Microbiology: Chapter 2

Front 1

matter

Back 1

all materials that occupy space and have mass

Front 2

atom

Back 2

simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Front 3

element

Back 3

pure substances wit a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and predictable chemical behaviors

Front 4

atomic number

Back 4

number of protons

Front 5

mass number

Back 5

number of protons and neutrons

Front 6

isotopes

Back 6

variant forms of an element that differ in mass number

Front 7

atomic weight

Back 7

average of the mass numbers of all of the element's isotopic forms

Front 8

electron orbitals

Back 8

volumes of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found

Front 9

molecule

Back 9

distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

Front 10

compounds

Back 10

molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements

Front 11

chemical bonds

Back 11

when 2 or more atoms share, donate or accept electrons to form molecules and compounds; covalent, ionic, and hydrogen

Front 12

covalent bond

Back 12

electrons are shared among atoms

Front 13

polar covalent bond

Back 13

unequal sharing of electrons

Front 14

nonpolar covalent bond

Back 14

equal sharing of electrons

Front 15

ionic bonds

Back 15

electrons are transferred to one atom forming positively charged cations and negatively charged anions

Front 16

hydrogen bonds

Back 16

weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms

Front 17

What are the energy exchanges in cells a result of?

Back 17

the movement of electrons from one molecule to another

Front 18

oxidation

Back 18

the loss of electrons

Front 19

reduction

Back 19

the gaining of electrons

Front 20

redox reactions

Back 20

essential to biochemical processes

Front 21

solution

Back 21

a mixture of one or more substances called solutes, dispersed in a dissolving medium called a solvent

Front 22

Where do most biological activities occur?

Back 22

in aqueous solutions

Front 23

What does the ionization of water release?

Back 23

hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions

Front 24

pH scale range

Back 24

0-14

Front 25

pH

Back 25

the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+ ions

Front 26

organic chemicals

Back 26

compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 27

Characteristics of Carbon

Back 27

fundamental element of life; can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds, can form linear, branched, or ringed molecules

Front 28

4 Families of Macromolecules

Back 28

1) Carbohydrates- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
2.)Lipids- triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids
3.)Proteins
4.)Nucleic Acids- DNA, RNA

Front 29

With the exception of lipids, how are macromolecules formed?

Back 29

through polymerization where subunits called monomers are bound into chains called polymers

Front 30

types of Carbohydrate monomers (monosaccharides)

Back 30

glucose, fructose

Front 31

types of Carbohydrate polymers (polysaccharides)

Back 31

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 32

How are carbohydrate subunits linked

Back 32

by glycosidic bonds

Front 33

functions of carbohydrates

Back 33

structural support, nutrient and energy stores

Front 34

types of lipids

Back 34

triglycerides, phospholipids (membranes), steroids (cholesterol)

Front 35

functions of triglyceride

Back 35

energy storage

Front 36

function of phospholipid

Back 36

cell membrane

Front 37

function of steroids

Back 37

cell membrane component

Front 38

What are the predominant molecules in cells?

Back 38

proteins

Front 39

What are the monomers of proteins?

Back 39

amino acids

Front 40

what are the polymers of proteins?

Back 40

peptides, polypeptides, proteins

Front 41

How are the subunits of proteins linked?

Back 41

by peptide bonds; can fold into very specific 3-D shapes

Front 42

Functions of proteins

Back 42

support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement

Front 43

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

Back 43

nucleotide

Front 44

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Back 44

A,T,C,G

Front 45

function of DNA

Back 45

hereditary material

Front 46

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?

Back 46

A,U,C,G

Front 47

function of RNA

Back 47

organize protein synthesis

Front 48

What are the components of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?

Back 48

nucleotide, adening, ribose, 3 phosphates