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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe how skin protects againstinfection. |
Body is covered withskin and mucous membrane, and it prevents entering any microbes. |
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Whatfactors in saliva aid in protection against microbes? |
Lysozymes |
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Whyis iron metabolism important in body defenses? |
If the host can regulateuse of iron and prevent microbes from using this vital element, microbes cannotthrive. |
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Name two categories of cytokines and givetheir effects. |
Chemokines: chemotaxis of immune cellsColony-stimulating factors (CSFs):multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes |
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What is the function of a TLR? |
Cells “see” PAMPs in extracellular environments |
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Contrast the pathways of complementactivation. |
Alternativepathway triggered when C3b binds to foreign cell surfaces (C3 unstable, sosome C3b always present) Lectin pathway:pattern recognition molecules (mannose-binding lectins, or MBLs) bind tomannose of microbial cells, interact with complement system componentsClassical pathway:activated by antibodies bound to antigen, which interact with complement system |
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How do complement proteins cause foreigncell lysis? |
Membrane attack complexes (MACs) formedby proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 molecules assembling in cell membranes ofGram negatives |
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How do phagocytes enter tissues during aninflammatory response? |
First to be recruited from bloodstreamto site of damageMore powerful than macrophages,but short life span of 1–2 days intissuesDie once granules used |
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How is acute inflammation different fromchronic inflammation? |
Acute inflammation is short term;macrophages clean up damage by ingesting dead cells and debrisIf acute fails, chronic inflammationresults; macrophages, giant cells accumulate, and granulomas form |
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Describe the function of apoptosis. |
Apoptosis: programmed cell death; doesnot trigger inflammatory response |
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A cattle farmer sees a sore on the leg ofone of his cows. The farmer feels the sore and notices that the area justaround the sore is warm to the touch. A veterinarian examines the wound andexplains that the warmth may be due to inflammation. The farmer wants anexplanation of the difference between the localized warmth and fever. Whatwould be the vet’s explanation to the farmer? |
Growth rates ofbacteria optimized for 37°C typically drop sharply above optimum, allows moretime for defenses |
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What are the defense mechanisms exist inhuman to defense against invaders? |
Inflammation |
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What are membranes where TLRs are anchored? |
TLRs on surfaces and in phagosomesdetect invaders |
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Where the hematopoietic stem cells arefound and what are their functions? |
Found in bone marrowInduced to develop by colony-stimulatingfactors (CSFs) |
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What are the differences between viral RNAand cellular RNA? |
-Viral RNA is double stranded and cellular RNA is mostly single stranded - One has phosphate molecule |
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What is thefunction of lysozyme? |
Capable of breaking the chemical bonds in the outercell wall of the bacteria. |
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Are macrophage, neutrophil, poly, and PMN are same type of cells, ifnot which one is different? |
Macrophage |
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What cell types are evolved from Hematopoietic stem cell? |
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry O2 Platelets (from megakaryocytes) involved in clotting White blood cells (leukocytes) important in host defenses |
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What are thecompounds that trigger TLRs?margin |
Inducers include microbes, tissue damage |
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What is thedirect/immediate action of interferon on a cell? |
Stimulate synthesis of inactive "suicideenzymes. |
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Whenever a pathogencan avoid the complement component C3b would it directly protect itself fromopsonization. |
Yes. |
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Which of thefollowing statements about inflammation is false? a) Vasodilation results in leakage of bloodcomponents. b) The process can damage host tissue. c) Neutrophils are the first to migrate toa site of inflammation. d) Apoptosis induces inflammation. e) Thesigns of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. |
Apoptosis induces inflammation. |
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Macrophages are-1)routinely phagocytizing dead cells and debris, 2) live for weeks or months, 3)live for a day or two, 4) play a critical role in early stage of inflammation.Which of these statements are true for macrophages? |
Routinely phagocytizing dead cells and debris |
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What isphagolysozome? |
Cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome,or ingested particle, with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes |
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What are the threemajor protective outcomes resulted from the activation of complement system? |
Opsonization, Inflammatory Response, Lysis of ForeignCells |
