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115 Cards in this Set
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Antibacterial Drugs
Penicillins / Antibiotics and Semisynthetics |
Mode of Action/Inhibit sythesis of peptidoglycan (cell wall)
Antibotics control mostly Gram- positives :(natural G and V) / semisynthetic inhibit some Gram-negatives as well They differ with respect to the kind of chemical group/R Group(natrual) Semisynthetic ( switching R-Group)Ampicillin and amoxicillin are broad spectrum / act against both Gram + and Gram- Allergies are common |
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Cephalosporins/Antibiotics and semisynthetics
More resistant than penicillins to betalactamases, making them more effect against most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. |
Mode of Action/ Inhibit sythesis of peptidoglycan (cell wall)
Antibiotics control mostly Gram-positives Semisynthetics inhibit many Gram-negatives as well.Broad spectrum. The third generation is particularly effective against meningitis, pneumonis, and sepsis Some penetrate the central nervous system and others persist in bloodstream. If allergic to penicillin can be allergic on 1st exposure |
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Sulfonamides/ Synthetic
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Mode of Action/ Inhibits synthesis of folic acid
Broad Specturm Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, chlamydiae, but many now resistant Treats urinary tract infections. Side effects; Crystals in urine and depredded stem cell production , allergy |
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Aminoglycosides / Antibiotics and a few semisynthetics
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Mode of Action / Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis
Streptomycin and neomycin, must be administered intravenously or intermuscularly. Side effects;Loss of hearing and kidney function . Drug resistance emerges rapidly. |
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Chloramphnicol/ Antibotics now made by chemical synthesis/produced by Streptomyces venezuelae.
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Mode of action/Inhibits formation of peptide bonds and therby protein synthesis
Broad Spectrum/ Gram-and Gram+ Chlamydiae, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas It can be taken orally, penetrates the brain and eye, stored long period with refrigeration. Rarely it can be fatally toxic.( causes aplastic anemia bone marrow stops producing red blood cells. In US used only in hospital and never on infants.Perfect drug for typhoid fever.and infections caused by Bacteroides spp. |
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Erythromycin/ Antibiotic
First macrolide antibiotic to be discovered. Produced by Streptomyces erythreus. |
Mode of Action / Binds to the 50S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis.
Narrow spectrum/Gram + only Used in patients allergic to Penicillin and is prescribed for strep throat,mycoplasma pneumonia, legionelosis, and carriers of diphttheria and whooping cough and respiratory infections. Side effects stomach upset. and rarely liver damage. Allergies rare. |
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Tetracyclines / Antibiotics and semisynthetics
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Mode of Action / Binds to the 30S ribosome inhibiting recognition of aminocyl-tRNA and thereby protein synthesis.
First antibiotics designated broad spectrum, used to treat acne and infection caused by chlamydiae, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas. Increased sensitivity to sunlight and stain developing teeth, cannot be used with children, pregnant women. Resistant strains have emerged. |
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Quinolones / Synthetics
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Mode of Action / Binds to DNA topoisomerase and inhibits DNA synthesis.
Broad Specturm / Gram- and Gram+ and intracelluar pathogens like species of Mycoplasma, Legionella, Brucella and Mycobacterium/ derived from narrow-spectrum antibiotic, nalidixic acid. Taken orally and have few side effects allergy is rare and drug resistance is slow to emerge.Ciprofloxacin, which is the drug of choice against anthrax. |
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Vancomycin / Antibiotic
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Mode of Action / Inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan (cell wall)
Selective / Gram + Intravenoulsy only / Serious side effects, damage to ears and kidneys. Only treatment for life-threatening infections caused by multiple-drug-resistant strains of Staphlococcus aureus. |
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Antimycobacterial Drug/ Rifampin / Semisynthetic
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Mode of Action / Binds to RNA polymerase and inhibits synthesis of RNA
Usually used in combination with isoniazid . Broad Spetrum Side effects are negligible.Treats tuberculosis. |
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Antifungal Drug
Amphotericin B / Antibiotic |
Mode of Action / Disrupts fungal membranes. It's used to treat systemic infections. Rungal cells are more susceptible than human cells to its destructive action , but human cells do suffer substantial damage.Chills, vomitting , fever.
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Antiparasitic Drug / Synthetic
Mebendazole |
It interferes with the helminths, but not mannalian cell to take up glucose. Whipworm, hookworm, pinworm . Veterinary use as well. After oral administration most remains in the intestines where thes parasitic worms live. Pinworms in children
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Antimalarial Drugs
Chloroquine most effective drug against malaria / Synthetic ( Quinine) |
Highly concentrated within red blood cells , the site of malarial infection.
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Antiviral Drugs
Amantadine / Synthetic |
Interferes with viral replication Previnting influenza A .
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What are the two kinds of anti-HIV agents?
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Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and HIV protease inhibitors. Usually 3 or 4 drughs are given simultaneously. (cocktail)
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What are interferons?
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Cells produced by humans that are small glycoproteins that stimulate other cells to make antiviral agents. Used to treat viral hepatitis, genital warts. But have significant toxicity.
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What is Pharmacology?
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The study of drugs.
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What are drugs called?
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Agents , used to treat any disease are called chemotherapeutic agents.
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What are Antibiotic drugs?
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Metabolic product of a microorganism
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What is Synthetic drug?
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Drug produced by chemical synthesis
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What is a semisynthetic drug?
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Antibiotic that has been chemically modified.
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What is an Antibacterial agent? (drug)
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Drug used against bacterial infections
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What is Antimycobacterial agent?
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Drug used against tuberculosis and related infections
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What is Antifungal agents?
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Drug used against fungal infections
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What is Antiviral agents?
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Drugs used against viral infections.
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What is an Antiparasitic agents?
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Drugs used against protozoal and helminthic infections.
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What is topical therapy?
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Drug applied directly to infected area
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What is systemic therapy?
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Drug enters the patient's bloodstream. Intravenous, intramuscular, oral, or inhalation administration.
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What are the two major barriers to drug distribution?
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1)Cell membranes can prevent free passage of drugs into and out of cells.
2)Drug binding proteins |
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How are drugs iliminated from body?
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Usually in urine or bile. Kidney or Liver
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What is an effective drug?
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An effective drug is selectively toxic. Most antimicrobial drugs have side effects.
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What is drug resistance?
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A microorganism is drug-resistant if it can grow in the presence of a drug. Natural drug resistance is an intrinsic property of a microbial species. Acquired drug resistance is a property gained by individual strains.
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What are narrow and broad spectrum drugs?
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Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drugs affect only a single microbial group. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials affect more than one microbial group. Broad -spectrum drugs may alter the normal biota, causing a superinfection.
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How do microbial strains acquire drug resistance?
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Genetic change.
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What are the three mechanisms of acquired drug resistance?
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1) The microorganism produces an enzyme that destroys the drug
2)The target of drug action changes 3)The drug is kept out of the cell. |
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What are the two genetic routes to acquiring drug resistance?
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1) Mutations occur on the micoorganism's chromosome
2) Microorganism acquires a resistance conferring plasmid. |
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What is drug dosage?
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The quantity of a drug to be administered and the aim is to deliver an effective concentration of the drug to the site of infection.
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What is the disc-diffusion method?
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Kirby -Bauer method, uses filter-paper discs impregnated with antimicrobial agents. A petri plate is inoculated with the pathogen, and discs, each impregnated with known quantities of antimicrobial agents, are placed on its surface ane drug form the dis kiffuses though the agar medium. When the plate has been incubated long enough tor the pathogen to produce a confluent lawn of growth, results can be interpreted. Some of the dreg discs willbe surrounded by a clear halo. That's where bacterial growth has been inhibited by the antimicrobial agent.
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What is the broth dilution method?
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The method tests a drug's ability to prevent growth of bacteria in liquid cultures. A series of tubes containing decreasing concentrations of a drug is prepared and inoculated with the microorganism to be tested. After growth has occurred , making some tubes turbid, results can be interpreted. The clear test with the lowest drug concentration contains the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)
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What is bacteriostatic concentration?
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Organisms from the broth dilution test from the clear tubes and attempting to grow them on a drug-free petri. If groganisms do grow on the petri plate, the tube form which the bacteria were taken are bacteriostatic( capable of stopping the growth of the cells but not killing them)
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What is bactericidal concentration?
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Organisms do not grow on the petri plate, from the clear tube of the broth dilution test . (lethal concentration)
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What is the miniumum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the drug?
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The tube with the lowest bacterial drug concentration from the broth dilution test.
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What is the serum killing power test?
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Some of the patient's own drug-containing serum is withdrawn and tested to see if it kills the infecting microorganism.
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What are the five principal targets of antimicrobial drugs?
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1)Cell wall /Unique to bacteria so a perfect target (penicillins)
2)Cell membranes/selective toxicity 3) Protein synthesis/somewhat toxic to humans 4) Nucleic acid synthesis/topoisomerase unwind DNA and polymerases extend new chains of DNA 5) Folic acid synthesis/humans do not synthezise folic acid , obtain it in our diet |
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What are the seven capibilities of a pathogen?
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1. Maintain a reservoir
2. Leave its reservoir and enter a host 3.Adhere to the surface of the host 4. Invade the body of the host 5. Evade the body's defenses 6. Multiply within the body 7. Leave the body and return to its reservoir or enter a new host |
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What must every pathogen have?
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At least one reservoir. If all its reservoirs are eliminated, it too ceases to exist.
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What are the most common reservoirs for human pathogens?
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Humans, animals and the enviroment.
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What are the two kinds of human reservoirs?
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People who are sick. People who are healthly. Healthly are incubatory carriers. Those who harbor the pathogen and never become sick are chronic carriers.
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What is a zoonosis?
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A human disease caused by a pathogen that maintains an animal reservoir.
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How does an animal reservoir affect the pattern of a disease?
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New form of a disease can develop in an animal reservoir and animal reservoirs can make diseases hard to control. Influenza and yellow fever. Pandemic.
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What are some Bacterial
zoonosis? |
Plague, Yersinia pestis,Animal reservoir Rodents, by flea bite
Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Animal reservoir, Cattle, pigs, Inhaling spores from infected soil or animal products Salmonellosis/Salomella spp.Animal reservoir, poultry, rats, Eating contaminated food and water Lyme disease/Borrelia burgdoferi, Animal reservoir, Wild mammals, deer, mice, Tick bite |
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What are some Protozoal zoonosis?
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Giardiasis, Giardia lamblis, Animal reservoir, beaver, marmot, muskrat, Drinking water contaminated by feces
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What are some viral zoonosis?
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Rabies, rabies virus, Animal reservoir, most animals especially carnivores/ animal bites.
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What are the environmental reservoirs?
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Soil , including Clostridium tetani , causes tetanus
Water, usually contaminated drinking water, Vibrio cholerae, causes cholera Salmonella typhi, causes typhoid fever. |
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What is transmission?
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A pathogen leaves its reservoir to enter the body of a host.
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What are portals of entry?
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Where the pathogen enters the host's body. Skin, nose, lungs, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina, uretha, bloodstream.
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What is ID50?
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Infectious dose, number of microorganisms that must enter the body to establish infection in 50% of test animals.
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What is LD50?
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Lethal dose is the number of microorganisms that must enter the body to cause death in 50% of test animals.
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What are modes of transmission?
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Contact between humans (direct or indirect) , vehicles (inanimate objects) and vectors ( living transmitters, usually arthropods.
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What is the number one way diseases are transmitted?
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Droplets of respiratory secretions ,transmitted directly from one host to another by sneezing, coughing, laughing or speaking.
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What are fomites?
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Inanimate objects , eating utensils, towels bedding and handkerchiefs that transmit disease. Handwashing can break cycle.
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How does body contact spread disease?
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Touching, kissing, or sexual transmission STD is spread by direct mucous membrane contact.
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What is Vertical transmission?
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Transmission of pathogens from mother to infant. Prenatal or perinatal
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How are pathogens spread in the fecal-oral route/
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From infected feces to the mouth of a new host. Fecal-oral transmission can be direct hand to hand or hand to mouth, by vehicles such as water, food, and fomites or by vectors
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What is a mechanical vector and a biological vector?
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Arthropods can be mechanical vectors, carring pathogens on their bodies, or biological vectors , the microorganism spends part of its life cycle in the arthropod host.
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What are airborne transmissions?
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Microorganisms that can survive in air and are inhaled.Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What are Parenteral transmission?
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Pathogenic microorganisms are deposited directly into blood vessels or deep tissues. Bug bite or intravenous drug users. Or deep wounds Clostridium tetani
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How do pathogens adhere to the body?
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Pathogens like the body's normal biota adhere to a body surface by means of adhesins on their pili or surface.
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What is tissue trophism?
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Presence or abstence of receptors(pili) determines which cells or tissues it attacks.
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What is filamentous hemagglutinin(FHA)?
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Protein that forms filamentous structures on the surface of B. Pertussis. This attachment keeps the bacterium from being swept out of the body by the mucociliary system.
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Why do some pathogens deliberately trigger phagocytes to engulf them?
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These pathogens have the ability to survive and multiply within the phagocyte's lethal vacuole.
Coxiella burnettii causes Q fever/ Mycobacteroum tuberculosis can't get through waxy cell wall. |
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What are intracellular pathogens?
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Invasive pathogen that stay inside cell wall.
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What is phagocytosis? (consume and distroy most pathogens)
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Major defense against invading pathogens.
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How does some pathogens evade bodys defenses?
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Some pathogens have capsules that keep a phagocyte from establishing direct contact.
Some have surface proteins that also keep phagocytes from contact.Streptococcus pyogenes, strep throat, produces M protein |
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How does the adaptive immune system reconize pathogens/
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By means of markers on their surface called antigens.
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What is antigenic variation?
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Pathogens evade the adaptive immune system by this, changing their surface antigens.Neisseria gonorrhoeae is good at this and trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickness
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What is IgA protease?
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Antibody destroying enzyme. Some pathogens defend themselves by attacking some of the antibodies made by the immune system Destryos the IgA class of antibodies.Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one of the pathogens that makes IgA protease.
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What is serum resistance?
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Features on the bacterial surface that interfere with the host's defensive complement system.
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How do some pathogens obtain iron?
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By producing iron binding compounds called siderophores.
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What are the two most common forms of bacterial pathogenesis?
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Production of toxins
Damage caused by stimulation of the body's denfenses(hypersensitivity) |
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What is exotoxins?
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Highly destructive proteins produced by both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. Most exotoxins are composed of two units the A (active) and B (binding unit) Pertussis toxin Ptx is such one.
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What is proteolytic toxins?
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Another class of exotoxin that act by attacking vital host proteins and splitting them.
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What is pore-forming toxins?
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Another class of exotoxin that act by inserting themselves into the membranes of host cells, creation a pore that kills the cell.
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What is Endotoxin?
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of Gram- bacteria. It acts by stimulating human cells to secrete particular messenger proteins.
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What are the three types of extracellular enzymes ?
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1.Cytolysins attack cell membranes
2.Hemolysins lyse red blood cells Staphlococus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes 3.Leukocidins lyse leukocytes Staphylococcus aureus |
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What are the four possible outcomes of a viral infection?
Pathogenesis |
1. Lytic infection, the virus multiplies and kills the host cell and new viral particles are released.
2.Persistent infection , the virus lives in the cell a long time, releasing small number of viral particles 3.Latent infection, the virus resides in the cell but produce no viral particles and be activated. 4.Cancer causing infection, the virus transform the cell into cell that becomes the seed for a tumor. |
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What are inclusion bodies?
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Collections of viral components such as protein and nucleic acid, waiting to be assembled into new viral particles. Or giant multinucleated cells. Rabies birus produces inclusion bodies called Negri bodies in infected nerve cells
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What is the difference between Cytocidal and cytopathic viral infections?
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Cytocidal viral infections kill cells. Cytopathic viral infections damage cells
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What is poral of exit?
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1.Respiratory pathogens /nose
2.Gastrointestinal pathogens/anus 3.Sexually transmissible/genital mucous membranes 4.Pathogens transmitted parenterally by arthropod vectors/same way blood |
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What are the second class of extracellular enzymes?
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1.Hyaluronidase degrades the acid that cements cells together in many different tissues
2.Collagenase breaks down connective tissue 3. coagulase causes plasma to cogulate |
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What is Epidermiology?
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Study of when ,where diseases occur and how they are transmitted.
Prevention is the best way to fight disease. Treatment only decreases it. |
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What does Epidermiology focus on?
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Populations rather than individuals.
1.Epidemic is a disease outbreak that affects many members of a population in a short time. Cholera, diptheria and polio 2.Worldwide called pandemic.AIDS 3.Endemic is always there.Gonorrhea 4.Sporadic occur only occasionally in a population. tetanus and trichinosis |
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What are the sources of epidemiological information?
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Vital statistics and census data. Government agencies track notifiable or reportable diseases.
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What do epidemiological studies prove?
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Pellagra ( a fatal disease of neurological deterioration) is due to vitamin deficiency
Three new diseases Legionellosis, Lyme and AIDS |
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What is The CDC?
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,National agency that maintains and reports epidemiological trends in disease. They prepare the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
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What do Epidemiologists use?
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Surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and hospital records to gather information
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How do epidemiologists use statistics?
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Health information is expressed as a rate (the ratio of the number of people in a particular category to the total number of people on the population being studied.
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What is the difference between Incidence rate and Prevalence rate?
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Incidence rate is the rate of acquiring a disease or condition during a certain period . (Growth or death decling of epidemic)
Prevalence rate is the rate of having a certain disease at any particular time. Thus prevalence rate equals incidence rate times the average duration of illness. |
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What is descriptive epidemiology?
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Provides general information about a disease, including how nonmicrobial factors contribute to infectious disease what part of country, age, race, economic status, sex etc.
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What is surveillance epidemiology?
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Tracks epidemic diseases,monitors situations that might lead to epidemics and follows progress of epidemic.
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What are field epidemiologists?
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Investigate outbreaks of disease to determine the source of the epidemic and how it can be controlled. Discovered the sources of AIDS, lyme disease and legionellosis
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What are nosocomial infectons ?
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Hospital acquired infections.
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What are common source epidemics?
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Large numbers of people who have been together at some gathering simultaneously become ill. Staphylococcus aureus
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What are some types of nosocomial infections?
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Urinary tract infections from catherter.
Wound infections Pneumonias , mechanical respirators and intubation Skin infections Nursery epidemics due to Staphylococcus aureus |
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What are hospital staff epidemiologist?
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Specially trained to recognize and interrupt a potential hospital epidemic.
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What are the two methods of prevention for disease?
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1. Limiting exposure to a pathogen reservor.
2. Immunization. |
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How can you limit exposure to pathogenic micoorganisms?
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1.Waterborne diseases can be prevented by clean water supplies and adequate sewage treatment.
2.Heat kills most foodborne diseases, refrigeration slows growth of microorganisms. Pasturization makes milk safe. 3.Hand washing 4.Decreasing or eliminationg insects reservoirs. Drain stagant water |
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How do you prevent sexually transmissible diseases?
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Interrupt the chain of transmission .
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What is the difference between active and passive immunization?
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Active immunization mimics a once in a lifetime infection without causing disease. It has memory. Vaccination.
Passive immunization antibodies produced by a human or animal donor are collected , purified and administered to the recipient . Gamma globulin. Severely immunosuppressed patients can be protected immediately, but lasts only a short time. |
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What are attenuated vaccines?
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Contain live cells of a pathogen that have been genetically altered to cause a limited infection without serious illness.Produce long lasting immunity. polio ,mumps, measles ,rubella
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What are inactivated vaccines?
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Contain killed microorganisms. Require booster shot.
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What are Acellular vaccines?
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Contain only certain components of the microorganisms to stimulate maximum immune response without side effects. Whooping cough vaccine
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What are toxoid vaccines?
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Made of toxins modified by heat or chemicals . Toxoids stimulate the production of antibodies called antitoxins.
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What does naked DNA mean for vaccines?
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The possibility of using naked DNA as baccine holds great promise.
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What is WHO and what has it done/
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World Health Organization it has eradicated smallpox. Made significant progress against the six preventable childhood diseases, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio and tuberculosis.
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