Microbiology Ch. 7, 11 & 12

Front 1

Minimum Temp

Back 1

Lowest temp that permits microbe's continued growth & metabolism

Front 2

Maximum Temp

Back 2

Highest temp at which growth & metabolism can proceed

Front 3

Optimum Temp

Back 3

Covers a sm. range b/t min. & max. which promotes fastest rate of growth & metabolism

Front 4

Pioneer Colonizer

Back 4

The first bacterium that attaches to a surface in the formation of biofilm

Front 5

Quorum Sensing

Back 5

Biofilm cells are stimulated to release chemicals that accumulate as the cell population grows

They can monitor the size of their own population by
______________.

Front 6

Synergism

Back 6

A single biofilm is usually a partnership among multiple microbial inhabitants & cannot be eradicated by traditional methods targeting individual infections

Front 7

Antagonism

Back 7

Association that arises b/t free-living species when the members of a community compete…SOIL

Front 8

Antibiosis

Back 8

The production of inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics (Antagonism)

Front 9

Two Levels of Microbial Growth

Back 9

Individual cell size & components

Increase in cell #'s in population

Front 10

Binary Fission

Back 10

Growth pattern in bacterial cells when their cell numbers double in each new generation

Front 11

Generation/Doubling Time

Back 11

time required for complete fission cycle

Front 12

Exponential Growth

Back 12

Growth pattern in bacterial cells when their cell numbers double in each new generation,

Maximum rate of cell division-rapid increase in a population

Front 13

1. Lag Phase

Back 13

Flat period, bacterial population during which cells are adjusting to their new environment & preparing to divide

Front 14

2. Exponential/Log Phase

Back 14

curve increase w/ nutrients

Maximum rate of cell division & cell numbers double in each new generation

Front 15

3. Stationary Phase

Back 15

survival mode & stops growing/slowly

curve levels off b/c rate of cell inhibition/death balances out rate of inhibition caused by depleted nutrients & O2 & excretions and pollutants into the growth medium

Front 16

4. Death Phase

Back 16

curve dips downward & bacterial cells stop dividing & begin dying at a rapid rate
exponential death rate
does not always go back to no live cells
unable to multiply

Front 17

Chemostat

Back 17

growth chamber uses to for continuous culture of microbes which prevents the culture from entering the death phase

Front 18

Most Resistant

Back 18

Prions: very difficult-brain
Bacterial Endospores

Front 19

Moderate Resistance

Back 19

Mycobacteria: waxy outer layer
Protozoal cysts
Protozoal Trophozoites: Actively feeding
GRAM -
Fungi
NAKED VIRUSES

Front 20

Least Resistance

Back 20

GRAM +
ENVELOPED VIRUSES

Front 21

Sterilization

Back 21

complete removal/destruction of all visible microorganisms, including ENDOSPORES
-Make all things STERILE!
-Inantimate objects

Front 22

Disinfection

Back 22

destruction/removal of vegetative (domant) pathogens, not endospores & cysts
-Remove harmful products of microorganisms
(toxins) from materials
-inanimate objects

Front 23

Antisepis

Back 23

chemicals applied to body surfaces to prevent infections
-Destroy-inhibit vegetative pathogens
-Animate

Front 24

Decontamination

Sanitation

Degermation

Back 24

Mechanical removal of most microbes
-reduce levels of microorganism to decrease infection/spoilage

mechanical cleansing technique to reduce microbes & debris to a safe level

scrubbing of the skin to reduce microbes

Front 25

Aqueous

Back 25

Solutions containing pure water as the solvent

Front 26

Tinctures

Back 26

those dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures

Front 27

Surfactants

Back 27

Agents whoch reduce surface tension & create leaks in cell membrance

Front 28

Halogens

Back 28

A descriptive term for a group of elements which include fluorine, bromine, chlorine & iodine

Front 29

Filtration

Back 29

Method of removing microbes from the air & liquids that uses size as a differentiating factor

Front 30

Ionizing

Back 30

Type of radiation which can penetrate solid barriers, enter a cell & eject electrons from molecules

Front 31

Bactericide

Back 31

A chemical which kills bacteria except those in the endospore stage

Front 32

Pasteurization

Back 32

A technique in which heat is used to kill microbes which may cause infections & spoilage, but does not results in sterilization

Front 33

Lyophilization

Back 33

A method of preserving microbes & other cells which combines freezing & drying

Front 34

Nonionizing

Back 34

Type of radiation which raises electrons to a higher energy level but does not eject them from the molecule

Front 35

Tyndallization

Back 35

Intermittent sterilization technique that requires 3 cycles over 3 days

Front 36

Aldehydes

Back 36

Category of chemical control that includes gluteraldehyde & formaldehyde

Front 37

Selectively Toxic

Back 37

They should kill/inhibit microbial cells w/o simutaneously damaging host tissue

Front 38

Competitive Inhibition

Back 38

Method of antimicrobial action in which the drug mimics the normal substrate of an enzyme

Front 39

Folic Acid Synthesis

Back 39

Metabolic pathway that is the target of sulfamides & trimethoprim

Front 40

Sulfanomides

Back 40

First modern antimicrobial drugs

Front 41

Interferon

Back 41

A substance produce in human cells that has antiviral and anticancer activity

Front 42

Drug Resistance

Back 42

adaptive responce in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that normally would be be inhibitory

Front 43

Reverse Transcription

Back 43

Enzyme found only in retrovirus that is a target of some antiviral drugs

Front 44

Super Infection

Back 44

Cause by the survival of drug resistant pathogens after microbiota are destroyed by antimicrobials

Front 45

Probiotics

Back 45

Live microbes that are fed to animals and humans to improve the intestinal biota

Front 46

Prebiotics

Back 46

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestine

Front 47

Broad-spectrum

Back 47

Antimicrobial that affects a wide range of microbial types

Front 48

Narrow-spectrum

Back 48

Antimicrobial that affects limited range of microbial types