Microbiology Basics

Front 1

Bacteria--what are they, what size are they
typically?

Back 1

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms, about
0.5-2 um large.

Front 2

Archea

Back 2

Prokaryotic cells that lack the
polysaccharide, peptidoglycan in the cell
walls.

Front 3

Eukaryotic cell

Back 3

Contains a "true nucleus," also has
membranous organelles and includes
animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protozoa.

Front 4

Prokaryotic cell

Back 4

Has no true nucleus, its DNA is found on
chromosomes in the cytoplasm and does
not contain membranous organelles. This is
unique to bacteria and archea.

Front 5

List the three domains:

Back 5

Bacteria--prokaryotes
Archea--prokaryotes
Eukarya--eukaryotic cells

Front 6

Types of Eukaryotic organisms:

Back 6

Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

Front 7

Fungi

Back 7

Can be single-celled yeasts or multicellular
molds and are heterotrophic .

Front 8

What are fungal diseases called?

Back 8

Mycoses

Front 9

What can fungal diseases affect?

Back 9

Respiratory tract,skin, systemic infections.

Front 10

What organisms cause a number of GI
diseases?

Back 10

Protozoa

Front 11

Helminths

Back 11

Worms (not really microbes)
Includes tapeworms, flukes, and
roundworms that can attack different organs.

Front 12

Viruses

Back 12

Acellular organisms that consist of nuclear
material (DNA) surrounded by protein coat.

Front 13

How do viruses grow?

Back 13

By changing the metabolism of the cells they
invade.

Front 14

Spontaneous generation

Back 14

Believed that living organisms can from nonliving
material (late 1700s).

Front 15

Give an example of spontaneous
generation:

Back 15

Old meat left out will produce maggots

Front 16

Who is considered the "Father of
Microbiology?"

Back 16

Leeuwenhook (Late 1600s) credited with
observing first live microorganisms.

Front 17

Koch

Back 17

Developed ways of studying bacteria in a lab
(Agar and pure cultures)
Also discovered the cause of anthrax and
tuberculosis.

Front 18

Mycology

Back 18

Scientific study of fungi.

Front 19

Example of a fungal disease:

Back 19

Ringworm (skin, fungi overgrowth)
Thrush (mouth, candida)

Front 20

Bacteriology

Back 20

Study of bacteria, identification,
classification, and characterization of
bacterial species.

Front 21

Parasitology

Back 21

study of parasites

Front 22

Virology

Back 22

Study of viruses

Front 23

Medical microbiology

Back 23

Study of microorganisms that are capable of
causing infections and diseases in humans.

Front 24

Bioremediation

Back 24

Use of microorganisms to metabolize toxins
in environment to reclaim soils and
waterways.

Front 25

Non polar covalent bonds

Back 25

Bonds where electrons are shared equally.

Front 26

PH

Back 26

Hydrogen ion concentration.

Front 27

Buffer

Back 27

Solution that is resistant to large changes in
PH.

Front 28

Monosaccharide

Back 28

Simple sugar--the basic subunit of a carb.

Front 29

Disaccharide

Back 29

Two monosaccharides joined together

Front 30

Triglyceride

Back 30

Three fatty acid tails and a glycerol
backbone.

Front 31

Fatty acid

Back 31

Long carbon chain carboxylic acid

Front 32

Hydrophilic

Back 32

Affinity for water.

Front 33

Sterol

Back 33

Lipid with no fatty acids

Front 34

Peptide bond

Back 34

Bond that links amino acids in proteins

Front 35

Enzymes

Back 35

Protein catalyst for specific reactions

Front 36

Histones

Back 36

Protein molecule around DNA tightly coiled
in chromatin.

Front 37

Gene

Back 37

Unit of inherited information in DNA.

Front 38

Hydrolysis

Back 38

Breaking down molecules by addition of
water

Front 39

Polar covalent bonds

Back 39

Unequal sharing of electrons

Front 40

Acidity

Back 40

Concentration of H+ ions.

Front 41

Carbohydrate

Back 41

Organic molecule composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 42

Polysaccharide

Back 42

Polymers with up to thousands of
monosaccharides linked in dehydration
synthesis.

Front 43

Amino acid

Back 43

Monomers, basic building blocks of proteins

Front 44

denaturation

Back 44

Protein loses structure because of physical
or chemical factors.

Front 45

Nucleic acid

Back 45

Polymers, nucleotides linked by covalent
bonds.

Front 46

How much of a cell is water?

Back 46

About 65-75%

Front 47

Name three polysaccharides:

Back 47

Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose.

Front 48

Main function of carbohydrates:

Back 48

Provides a source of energy.

Front 49

If starch is broken down by bacteria, what
would be the end result?

Back 49

Monosaccharides

Front 50

Key functions of fat:

Back 50

Stores energy, catabolize to provide energy

Front 51

What elements do fats contain?

Back 51

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.

Front 52

Do triglycerides dissolve in water?

Back 52

No.

Front 53

What elements are proteins made of?

Back 53

Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Front 54

Main functions of proteins:

Back 54

Catalysts, transportation, defense,
regulation (cell function), structure.

Front 55

Levels of protein structure:

Back 55

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure and
Quaternary structure

Front 56

What are the primary and secondary
structures of proteins?

Back 56

Amino acid sequence and folded
structure/pleated sheet.

Front 57

Two basic types of nucleic acids:

Back 57

DNA and RNA

Front 58

Characteristics of enzymes:

Back 58

Reaction-specific
Can be used repeatedly
Catalysts
Protein
PH/Temperature sensitive

Front 59

Three parts of a nucleotide:

Back 59

Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

Front 60

Four bases in RNA:

Back 60

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil.

Front 61

How does structure of RNA differ from that
of DNA?

Back 61

It contains ribose instead of deoxyribose,
has nitrogenous base uracil rather than
thymine, and has single helix rather than
double.

Front 62

Do Eukaryotes have histones? What about
prokaryotes/archea?

Back 62

Eukaryotes and archea have histones.
Prokaryotes do not.

Front 63

Staining

Back 63

Using colored dyes in light microscopy to
make organisms easier to identify.

Front 64

Steps involved in staining:

Back 64

1. Make a smear
2. Heat fix them
3. Add a dye and rinse
Types of

Front 65

Types of simple stains:

Back 65

Crystalline violet, methylene blue

Front 66

What is the purpose of heat fixing bacteria
onto a slide?

Back 66

Attaches the microorganisms to the surface.

Front 67

Simple stain

Back 67

One dye is used to color the bacteria

Front 68

Negative stain

Back 68

Repelled from bacteria, and the background
is stained (does not mean gram negative).

Front 69

What type of charge do bacteria generally
have? What type of charge will a simple dye
usually have?

Back 69

A negative charge/positive charge.

Front 70

Gram stain

Back 70

Bacteria divided into gram positive and
negative based on cell wall structure.

Front 71

Why are endospores difficult to stain?

Back 71

Because of their impermeable walls.

Front 72

Shapes of bacteria

Back 72

Coccus--round
Bacillus--rod-shaped
Spirilla (spirochete)--wavy/corkscrew

Front 73

Staphylo--

Back 73

Arranged in clusters

Front 74

Strepto--

Back 74

Arranged in chains

Front 75

Diplo--

Back 75

Two bacteria (together)

Front 76

1

Back 76

1

Front 77

1

Back 77

1

Front 78

1

Back 78

1

Front 79

1

Back 79

1

Front 80

1

Back 80

1

Front 81

1

Back 81

1