Micro Ch 4

Front 1

Average diameter of bacteria

Back 1

0.2 - 2 µm

Front 2

Average length of bacteria

Back 2

2 - 8 µm

Front 3

Spherical bacteria that remain in pairs

Back 3

Diplococci

Front 4

spherical bacteria that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns.

Back 4

Streptococci

Front 5

divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4

Back 5

Tetrads

Front 6

Sarcinae

Back 6

divide in 3 planes and remain in groups of 8

Front 7

Staphylococci

Back 7

divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters

Front 8

bacteria that look like curved rods

Back 8

Vibrios

Front 9

bacteria with helical shape, like a corkscrew, but fairly rigid. Use flagella to move

Back 9

Spirilla

Front 10

Spirochetes

Back 10

bacteria that are helical and flexible. Use axial filaments to move

Front 11

Haloarcula shape

Back 11

triangular cells

Front 12

bacteria that maintain a single shape vs bacteria that can have many shapes

Back 12

Monomorphic vs Pleomorphic

Front 13

“sugar coat”, general term for substances that surround cells

Back 13

Glycocalyx

Front 14

type of glycocalyx if the secreted substance is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall.

Back 14

Capsule

Front 15

type of glycocalyx if the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall.

Back 15

slime layer

Front 16

lack flagella

Back 16

Atrichous

Front 17

flagella distributed over the cell

Back 17

Peritrichous

Front 18

flagella at one or both ends

Back 18

Polar

Front 19

single flagella at one pole

Back 19

Monotrichous

Front 20

tuft of flagella at one pole

Back 20

Lophotrichous

Front 21

flagella at both poles

Back 21

Amphitrichous

Front 22

Three parts of a bacterial flagella

Back 22

Filament, hook, basal body

Front 23

part of flagella that is the long outermost region, constant in diameter, contains the globular protein flagellin arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core.

Back 23

Filament

Front 24

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. Consists of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings.

Back 24

Basal body

Front 25

the movement of a bacteria toward or away from a particular stimulus

Back 25

Taxis

Front 26

The flagellar protein is called

Back 26

H antigen

Front 27

bundles of filaments that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Back 27

Axial filaments/endoflagella

Front 28

can occur at poles of cell or be evenly distributed over entire surface. Tend to adhere to themselves and surfaces, so aid in forming biofilms.

Back 28

Fimbriae

Front 29

usually longer than fimbriae. Only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer

Back 29

Pili

Front 30

Two types of pili motility

Back 30

Twitching motility, gliding motility

Front 31

Two disaccharides in peptidoglycan

Back 31

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Front 32

destruction of a cell by rupture of the plasma membrane

Back 32

Lysis

Front 33

type of bacteria where the cell wall has many layers of peptidoglycan, forming thick, rigid structure

Back 33

Gram positive bacteria

Front 34

type of bacteria where the cell wall has only a thin layer of peptidoglycan

Back 34

Gram negative bacteria

Front 35

teichoic acids consist primarily of

Back 35

an alcohol and a phosphate

Front 36

Two types of teichoic acids:

Back 36

Lipoteichoic acids

Wall teichoic acids

Front 37

gel-like fluid between the plasma membrane and outer membrane.

Back 37

Periplasm

Front 38

proteins in the membrane that allow certain molecules through.

Back 38

Porins

Front 39

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) consists of three parts

Back 39

Lipid A

A core polysaccharide

An O polysaccharide (O antigen)

Front 40

smallest known bacteria, have no cell walls, plasma membranes have sterols

Back 40

Mycoplasmas

Front 41

substance similar to peptidoglycan in the cell walls of archaea

Back 41

pseudomurein.

Front 42

Mycobacterium and species of Nocardia can be identified using what type of stain

Back 42

acid-fast stain

Front 43

an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the bonds between the sugars of the “backbone” of peptidoglycan

Back 43

Lysozyme

Front 44

What a bacteria is called when its cell wall breaks down but the membrane stays intact

Back 44

protoplast.

Front 45

Some bacteria can lose their cell walls and swell into irregularly shaped forms called

Back 45

L forms

Front 46

Lysozyme is more effective against Gram _______ bacteria than Gram __________

Back 46

positive, negative

Front 47

A gram-negative cell that is partially affected by lysozyme is called a

Back 47

spheroplast

Front 48

destruction by water entering the cell and enlarging it

Back 48

Osmotic lysis

Front 49

infoldings of the plasma membrane that contain enzymes and pigments involved in photosynthesis.

Back 49

Chromatophores

Front 50

large, irregular folds visible in the plasma membrane of bacteria. Known to be artifacts in the preparation of specimens.

Back 50

Mesosomes

Front 51

class of antibiotics that disrupt the plasma membrane’s phospholipids, causing leakage and cell death.

Back 51

Polymyxins

Front 52

Movement across membranes - moving down concentration gradient. Doesn’t use ATP.

Back 52

Passive processes

Front 53

Movement across membranes - net movement of molecules/ions down their concentration gradient

Back 53

Simple diffusion

Front 54

Movement across membranes - like simple diffusion, doesn’t use ATP, as it’s moving down the gradient

Back 54

Facilitated diffusion

Front 55

Movement across membranes - use ATP to move up the concentration gradient

Back 55

Active processes

Front 56

special form of active transport where the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane. Exclusive to prokaryotes

Back 56

Group translocation

Front 57

Cytoplasm is about ____% water.

Back 57

80

Front 58

where the bacteria’s DNA is kept

Back 58

Nucleiod

Front 59

the bacteria often contains these small, usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules

Back 59

Plasmids

Front 60

large inclusions that take their name from their appearance when stained. Known as volutin. Reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used to make ATP. - Polysaccharide granules – typically consist of glycogen and starch. Can be stained with iodine.

Back 60

Metachromatic granules

Front 61

inclusions that contain the enzyme carboxylase

Back 61

Carboxysomes

Front 62

inclusions of iron oxide, surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membrane

Back 62

Magnetosomes

Front 63

Formation of an endospore is called

Back 63

sporulation or sporogenesis

Front 64

Difference in movement between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella

Back 64

Prokaryotic - rotate

Eukaryotic - move in a wave-like manner

Front 65

long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin

Back 65

Microtubules

Front 66

Protein that makes up microtubules

Back 66

Tubulin

Front 67

Do eukaryotes contain peptidoglycan

Back 67

they do not have peptidoglycan

Front 68

Type of endocytosis where ligands bind to receptors on the membrane, which stimulates infolding.

Back 68

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 69

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Back 69

Cytosol

Front 70

the movement of cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another, in order to distribute nutrients and move the cell.

Back 70

Cytoplasmic streaming

Front 71

tiny channels in the nuclear envelope. Control the movement of substances.

Back 71

nuclear pores

Front 72

one or more of these spherical bodies, condensed regions of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

Back 72

nucleoli

Front 73

combination of about 165 base pairs of DNA and 9 histone molecules.

Back 73

Nucleosome

Front 74

when DNA is not dividing, it exists in forms called

Back 74

chromatin

Front 75

extensive network of cisternae that is continuous with the nuclear envelope.

Back 75

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 76

3 to 20 cisternae that resemble a stack of pita bread. Often curved, giving it a cuplike shape. Site of protein modification

Back 76

Golgi complex

Front 77

formed from the Golgi complex, look like membrane-enclosed spheres. Contain powerful enzymes that can digest various molecules, including bacteria that enter the cell. White blood cells have many of these.

Back 77

Lysosomes

Front 78

space or cavity in the cell that is enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast. Can serve as storage, for proteins, sugars, and ions, as well as metabolic wastes and poisons that couldn’t be allowed into the cytoplasm. The cell can also fill it up with water to provide rigidity.

Back 78

vacuole

Front 79

Type of ribosome found in mitochondria

Back 79

70S

Front 80

similar to lysosomes, but smaller. Contain enzymes that can oxidize substances and break down their products in an enclosed environment that protects the rest of the cell.

Back 80

Peroxisome

Front 81

Two components of centrosomes

Back 81

Pericentriolar material

A pair of centrioles

Front 82

leading theory on the formation of larger, more complex eukaryotes from prokaryotes

Back 82

endosymbiotic theory