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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacilli
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Rod shape; E. Coli
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Capsid
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protien coat of a virus
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Cocci
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Round shape; Staphylococcus, Diplococcus, Strephtococcus
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Conjugation
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Bridge formation; genes move from one cell to the other
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Endospore
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structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that contains dna
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Envelope
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bilipid membrane around the capsid of a virus
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Epidemiology
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the study of disease(s) in human populations
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Gram Negative
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Classification by cell wall: absorb PINK stain, have small complicated cell wall; cell walls with a second, outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate; more resistant to antibiotics
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Gram Positive
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Classification by cell wall: absorb PURPLE, stain in large peptidoglycan cell wall; not as resistant to antibiotics
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Host
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An organism that is infected with or is fed upon by a parasitic or pathogenic organism (for example, a virus, nematode, fungus)
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Kingdom Archeabacteria
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-ancient bacteria
-"extremeophiles" -prokaryote -unicellular -lack peptidoglycan in their membranes -can survive without oxygen, organic compound, or sunlight |
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Kingdom Eubacteria
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-true bacteria
-prokaryote -unicellular -circular DNA -membranes contain peptidoglycan |
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PCR
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fast and inexpensive technique used to amplify, or make many copies of, small segments of DNA
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Peptidoglycan
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layer of Gram-positive bacteria is substantially thicker than that of Gram-negative bacteria
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Spirilla
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Spiral shape; Syphilis
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Temperate Virus
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A virus Which enters the bacteria cell and Remains Inactive But Has Both Type Of Reproduction is Called Temperate Virus
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Transduction
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Process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus (bacteriophage)
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Vaccination
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-harmless version of virus or vial toxin stimulates an immune response
-prevent mostly viral infection or a few bacteria -Inactivated or Attenuated |
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Virulent
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extremely dangerous and poisonous microscopic organism/virus that can infect a living thing and cause a serious illness
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Virus
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-from lation word (viru- or vir-) for poison
-non-living parasitic particle -can only reproduce inside a host cell -no organelles or cytoplasm (not cellular) -lack of metabolism and homeostasis |
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Adenovirus
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-Transmission= aerosols and person to person contact
-cause acute respiratory illness -culprit of the common cold |
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Ebola
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-viral- from filoviridae
-causes Ebole Hemmoragic disease: liquifying of the internal organs -kills 50-90% of all infected individuals -contracted through bodily fluid contact -incubation period 2-21 days (usually 5-10) -different strains (Reston, Zaire) -CDC has it has "top agent of concern" for bioterrist weapons |
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Hepatitis
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-inflammation of the liver (jaundice)
-mistaken for the flu, due to similar symptoms -most common cause of liver cancer and need for liver transfusion in the U.S -A: ingesting contaminated food- Vaccine available -B: body fluid exchange- Vaccine available -C: exchanging needles- NO VACCINE |
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HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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-viral-retrovirus (RNA)
-1st US cases 1980's -majority of infection occurs through exchange of bodily fluid (intravenous drug use, sexual contact, child birth) -must have millions viruses per mL of bodily fluid to successfully infect others -destroys T-helper cells and macrophages that direct and assist the bodys immune response -turns into AIDS - |
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Influenza Virus
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-RNA virus
-Transmission=aerosol (in the air) -Fever, chills, sore throat, tiredness, nausea/vommiting -vaccinations are a mixture of influenza A and B predicted to be pandemic for that year |
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Oncogenic Viruses
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virus that causes cancer
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Polio
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-poliomyleitis
-contact with infected mucus or feces -1st inactivated vaccine 1952- Jonas Salk -Causes paryalysis in young people |
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Rabies Virus
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-vector= saliva of small mammals
-100% lethal without treatment (antiviral) -Flu like symptoms, hydrophobia, paranoia delerium -killed 55,000 people world wide last yearh |
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Retroviruses
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-some RNA viruses
-contain reverse transcriptase: enzyme that makes DNA from RNA template (Retro backwards way to transcribe; RNA to DNA) -new viral DNA is inserted into the host genome (HIV) |
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Smallpox
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-Vaccination by Jenner
-1st evidence of virus traces back to the mummies in Egypt -No infections for 20 years -Painful puss filled blisters -Feared as bioterrorist weapon |
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Methanogenes
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Create methane gas as a byproduct of anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration
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Extremeophiles
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microorganisms with the ability to thrive in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents
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Halophiles
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High salinity (salt concentration) tolerance; found in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea
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Cyanobacteria
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-known as "blue-green algae"
-photosynthesis -named for bluish pigment (phycocyunin) that they use to capture sunlight -HUGE primary producer (found everywhere) |
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Bubonic plague
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-black death
-killed 2/3 of european population in 1300's -30-75% mortality -carried by fleas living on black rats -symptoms: fever, headache, fatiguie/muscle weakness, presence of buboes (swollen lymph nodes) and cell death at extremites |
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Cholera- Vibrio cholerae
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-bacteria produces a toxin that causes illness
-usually caused by contaminated water (or food prepared with contaminated water) -exhaustive diarrhea to shock within 4-12 hours |
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Escherichia coli
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-some harmless strains live in our gut and aide in digestion
-harmful strains cause food poisoning -eating unwashed veggies and uncooked (poor quality) meats -bacteria release toxins that cause illness -0157: H7 Strain responsible for 2006 outbreak (can cause kidney failure; mostly children affected) |
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Salmonella
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-most common cause of food poisoning
-1,400,000 cases in US each year -usually from chicken eggs (uncooked) -closely related to Escherichia -symptoms 6-72 hours of ingestion |
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Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis
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-can form endospores (dormant) when conditions are unfavorable- last centuries
-oldest recorded diseases; believed to be the 6th plague- cattle and sheep -rare in humans -Symptoms: skin-lessions, pulmonary-flu like symptoms -biological warfare: has been used before; Japan 1930's and US scare 2001 |
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Jonas Salk
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First inactivated vaccine for polio in 1952
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Alexander Fleming
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discovered penicillin
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