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367 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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M/C Roundwarm in world, lives in small intestine
Colicky pain |
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Aspergillosus fumigatus
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Aflatoxin, in nuts and grains
Primary liver cancer Fungus ball in lung |
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Bacillus anthracis
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Anthrax, Woolsorter's Disease, inhaled spores, sporulation
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Blastomycosis
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Endemic fungus on Eastern seaboard from Florida to Canada
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Bordetella pertusis
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Pertussis, Whooping Cough, Inspiratory Whoop
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme's Disease, Bulls eye rash, vector is deer tick AKA Lxodes scapularis
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Borrelia recurrentis
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Recurrent/Relapsing fever
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Brucella abortus
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Bang's disease, Zoonosis from cattle, Spontaneous abortions in cattle & Undulant fever
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Candida albicans
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Oral thrush= monoliasis in babies and diabetics, White discharge
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Chlamydia psittaci
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Psittacosis, Parrot fever, Lower respiratory infection
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Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism, 1st sign is diplopia, 2nd sign is death, Food poisoning
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Clostridium perfringes
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Gas gangrene, AKA Clostridium welchi
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Coccidiomycosis
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San Joaquin Valley Fever, Endemic fungus in deserts of southwest
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Cornebacterium diptherium
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Diptheria, Gray pseudomonas in throat, Metachromatic fever
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Coxiella burnetti
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A Rickettsia, Causes Q-Fever, Vector is milk, Weil-Felix (-)
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Fish tapeworm, Can cause pernicious anemia
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Amoebic dysentery, mild diarrhea, cyst is infective form
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Pinworm, Scotch tape or Anal Cellophane test for itching
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Epstein-Barr Virus
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Infectious Mono, Downey cells
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Francisella tularensis
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Tularemia, rabbit fever, Hunters may get this
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Giardia lamblia
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Mucousy diarrhea, especially seen in AIDS patients
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Heamophilus aegyptius
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Pink eye, very contagious, conjuctivitis, AKA Koch-weeks bacillus
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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Chancroid, Soft painful chancroid
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Helicobacter pylori
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Stomach ulcers, Urease (+)
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Herpes simplex
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Type 1= Fever blister= above the belt
Type 2= Genital herpes= below the belt |
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Herpes zoster
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Shingles, does not cross midline, along dermatomes, hides in DRG
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Histoplasmosis
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Ohio/Mississippi Valley Fever, Calcific lesions in lung similar to TB
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HTLV-III virus
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AIDS, HIV virus
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Klebsiella pneumonia
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Red currant jelly sputum
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Legionella pneumophilia
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Legionnaire's disease from contaminated ventilation water droplets, "Pontiac Fever" is mild form
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Leishmania donovani
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Kala-Azar, Viscerotropic, Sand fly vector
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Leptospira icterohemorhagiae
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Weil's disease, Hemorrhagic jaundice, AKA Leptospira interrogans
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Listeria, Deli meats and soft cheeses
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Loa loa
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River eye worm AKA African eye worm, Vector is flies
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Molluscum Contagiosum
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Pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Leprosy= Hansen's disease, Acid fast (+), Destroys sensory nerves & skin
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis, Acid Fast (+)
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Mycoplasm pneumonia
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#1 cause atypical pneumonia, AKA Walking pneumonia, penicillin ineffective B/C they lack cell wall
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Necator americanus
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M/C Hookworm in the US
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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#1 PID/Salpingitis, Gram (-), Diplococcus, Chocolate agar, Coffee bean shape
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Neisseria meningitides
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Only meningitis to get a rash, can be fatal
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Onchocerca volvulus
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River blindness, Vector is flies, Africa
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Papovavirus
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Warts, transmitted by casual contact through skin, persistent (Latent)
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Most fatal form of malaria, Black water fever
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Plasmodim vivax, malariae ovale
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Infective stage= sporozoite (mosquito injects)
Pathogenic stage= merozoite (Infected RBC's bursts & let them out) |
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Prions
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Acellular protein particles, Cause Mad Cow, BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis, CJD (Creutzfield Jacob's Disease) Scrapie (Sheep), Kuru (New Guinea), Discovered by Stanley Pyurner
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Open burn infection, M/C/C pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, found in hot/warm & moist places Ex; contact lenses & hot tubs, Blue/green pus,
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Respiratory syncytial virus
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AKA "RSV", Causes croup & bronchiolitis, M/C respiratory infection in kids
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Rubella
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German measles, 3-day measles, mild fever, congenital rubella syndrome
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Rubeola
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Red measles, Koplik (white/blue) spots on buccal mucosa, high fever, 3 C's (coryza, conjuctivitis, cough) Atypical measles causes SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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Salmonella enteriditis
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Salmonella food poisoning, Heat labile
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Serratia marcensencs
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Red pus
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Shigella
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Bacillary dysentery
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Sideomegalic paramyxoid virus
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Mumps, parotiditis= LMN CN 7, Sequelae= oophritis, orchitis
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Sporotherix schenckii
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Rose bush thorns, gardeners at risk
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Pathogenic staph, Catalase (+), Pneumonic= STOIC (scalded skin, toxic shock, osteomyelitis, impetigo, carbuncles
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Streptococcus mutans
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Gamma hemolytic strep, dental carries
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Beta hemolytic strep, Group A Lancefield, Catalase(-), Pneumonic= SERGIS (strep throat, erysipelas, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, impetigo, scarlet fever,
Jones major criteris for rheumatic fever, aschoff bodies on cardiac valves |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Alpha hemolytic strep, M/C cause of typical pneumonia
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Streptococcus viridans
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Alpha hemolytic strep, SBE (subacute bacterial endocarditis)
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Taenia saginata
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Beef Tapeworm
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Toxoplasmosis gondii
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Toxoplasmosis, Vector is cat feces
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Treponema pallidum
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Syphilis, hard painless chancre, 3 Stages
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Treponema pertuenue
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Yaws, non-venereal syphylis
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Trichinella spiralis
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Trichinosis, diagnosed off
X-ray and biopsy |
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Trypanosoma gambiense
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African sleeping sickness
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Vaccinia
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Cow pox
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Varicella
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Chicken pox, maculopapulavesicular rash= Red, elevated, fluid filled
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Variola
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Small pox, Guarneri bodies
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Vibrio cholerae
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Cholera, reversal of Na/K pumps, No immune Rxn, No lymph swelling, Rice water stools, Vomiting (comma shaped)
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Viscerotropic virus
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Yellow fever, Discovered by Reed
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Yesinia (Pasteurella) Pestis
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Bubonic plague, black death, vector is rat flea
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IgA
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Secretory/mucosal antibody
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears) Breast milk, Buys time for body to ID invader |
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IgD
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Helps IgG
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IgE
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Parasitic infections, Allergic RXN's, Increases in Hodgkin's disease (Reed-Sternberg cells)
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IgG
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1st to increase (2nd exposure)
Most numerous, Crosses placenta, Anamnestic response (W/O amnesia) |
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IgM
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Pentamer (10 binding sites)- non specific, Largest & heaviest, 1st to increase (1st exposure)
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IL-1
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Lymphocyte activating factor, Made by macrophages, For brain and nervous tissue
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IL-2
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T-cell growth factor, Made by CD4 cells, CD4= helper T-cell= quarterback of immune system, Directs response of immune system
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IL-3
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Made by big bone marrow, In blood & lymphatic system
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MHC (Major Histocompatability Complex)
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Act as a post on surface (Self vs non-self), Involved with tissue graft rejection & organ rejection
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T-Cells
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Recognize MHC I
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B-Cells
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Recognize both MHC I & II
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Gram (+) Organisms
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Pneumonic "BLCCSS" (BLOCKS)
Bacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diptheeriae, Staph & Strep |
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Diseases by Staph aureus
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Pneumonic "STOIC"
Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock, Osteomyelitis, Impetigo, Carbuncles |
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Staph aureus produces what toxin?
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Alpha toxin AKA alpha hemolysin
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# 1 cause of Impetigo?
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# 1 cause from Staph aureus infection, Infection of child around the mouth, Honey crusted lesion around mouth
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Carbuncles
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Caused by Staph aureus, Many furuncles (infected hair follicles), "A carload of furuncles"
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Diseases by Strep pyogenes
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Pneumonic "SERGIS"
Strep Throat, Erysipelas, Rheumatic Fever, Glomerulonephritis, Impetigo, Scarlet Fever |
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Erysipelas
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AKA Saint Anthony's Fire, superficial form of cellulitis
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Jones major modified criteria for Rheumatic Fever
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Pneumonic "Can Sammy Suck Ethyl's Polyps"
Carditis (MacCallum patch in posterior left atrium), Syndenham's chorea, Subcutaneous nodule, Erythema Marginatum, Migratory Polyarthritis |
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Lancefield group for Strep pyogenes
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Group A, Beta hemolytic Strep
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# 2 cause of Impetigo?
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Strep pyogenes
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Scarlet Fever characteristic is?
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Strawberry tongue
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Inclusion Bodies
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present in nucleus or cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filterable viruses
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Aschoff
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Rheumatic fever (extensive= MacCallums patch)
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Babes Ernst Granules
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Metachromatic granules seen in diptheria (Pseudomembrane in throat)
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Councilman Cells
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Viral hepatitis
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Downey Cells
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Mononucleosis, Atypical lymphocytes, Pneumonic "Don't let mono get you down"
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Epithelioid Hystiocyte
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Tuberculosis
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Gohn Complex
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Tuberculosis (inactive phase), Calcium jail around mycobacterium
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Guarneri Bodies
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Small pox (Variola)
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Gummas
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Tertiary syphilis
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Lipofuscin
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"old age pigment", Lipid residue, Build up of lipofuscin in organs= Brown's atrophy
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Lewy Bodies
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Parkinson's, AKA Paralysis Agitans, Shuffling/festinating gait
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Mallory Bodies
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Hepatitis (alcoholism)
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Negri Bodies
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Rabies (hydrophobia)
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Reed Sternberg
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Hodgkin's on biopsy of lymph node, IgE
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Russell Bodies
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Multiple Myeloma, In plasma cells, consists of antibodies, from chronic inflammation & malignant disorders
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Antitoxin
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Antibody against a toxin, Artificial passive immunity, purified antiserum from animals who have been given the toxoid
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Endotoxin
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Toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell, Heat stabile, Gram (-)
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Enterotoxin
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Toxins that affect the intestines,
Ex; Lipopolysaccharides |
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Exotoxin
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Toxin outside the cell from cell waste products, Heat labile, Cook your food
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Fomite
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Inanimate object is vector
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Hapten
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Partial/half antigen, does not stimulate immune response
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Neurotoxin
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Toxins that affect the nervous system, Ex; Botulism, Tetanus
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Opsonin
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Marks target for strike by phagocyes, purpose of opsonization= enhance phagocytosis
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Prion
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Acellular protein which denatures other proteins, can NOT be autoclaved
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Toxoid
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Inactivated toxin (Active artificial immunity)
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Type I Hypersensitivity Rxn
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Pneumonic "Acid", Anaphylactic= Immediate=15-30 minutes, Asthma, bee sting, hay fever, IgE, mast cell, basophils
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Type II Hypersensitivity Rxn
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Pneumonic "aCid", Cytotoxic= minutes to hours, Goodpasteur's, Erythoblastosis, transfusions, myasthenia gravis, Graves, IgG involved, antigen+antibody
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atorvastatin
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Lipitor
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hyperlipidemia (HMG CoA reductase)
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Graves Disease AKA
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Hyperthyroid
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Type III Hypersensitivity Rxn
Time, Effects & Involvement? |
Pneumonic "acId", Immune-Complex Mediated= 3-10 hours, Glomerulonephritis, Lupus, RA, Arthus Rxn= local necrosis, Serum sickness= systemic, IgG & complement involved, antigen+antibody+complement
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Type IV Hypersensitivity Rxn
Time, Effects & Involvement? |
Pneumonic "adiD", Delayed Hyper-sensitivity/Cell mediated/Cellular= 48 hours, TB, Contact dermatitis, transplant rejects via MHC,
T-Cell lymphocytes |
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Autotroph
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Eats inorganic material
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Heterotroph
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Eats organic material
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Saprophyte
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Eats dead/decaying material (organic material)
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Parasite
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Eats off living organisms
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Symbiosis
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2 population living together- 1 or both benefit
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Mutualism
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2 population living together- both benefit
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Synergism
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2 population living together- both benefit & accomplish what neither can do alone
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Commensalism
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2 population living together- 1 benefits & other is unaffected
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Zoonosis
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Transfer of disease from animal to human, Ex; Woolsorter's
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Monotrichus
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Single flagella on 1 pole
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Lophotrichus
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Multiple flagella on 1 pole, tuft on end
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Amphitrichus
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Both flagella on 2 poles
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Peritrichus
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Flagella everywhere
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Holding/Batch method of pasteurization
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Temperature in F/C= 145/56 for 30 minutes
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Flash/Continuous method of pasteurization
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Temperature in F/C= 161/65 for 15 seconds
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Ultrahigh method of pasteurization
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Temperature in F/C= 191/80 for 2-5 seconds
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Sterilization/Autoclave method of pasteurization
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Temperature in F/C= 274-121 for 15 minutes
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Inactivated Vaccines
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Salk's polio, rabies
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Toxoid
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Tetanus, botulism
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Live Attenuated
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Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Sabin's polio
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Manufacturing of vaccines from
Chick embryo? |
Measles & Mumps
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Manufacturing of vaccines from
Human diploid cells |
Rubella, Rabies, Hepatitis A
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Manufacturing of vaccines from
Monkey kidney tissue |
Polio
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Sequelae Effect of vaccines
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Guillan-Barre AKA Post infectious polyradiculopathy, Ascending demyelination of PNS, can be acquired after vaccination (influenza) or infection
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Case control studies
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ID's risk factors
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Double blind studies
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eliminate placebo effect
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Blue/Green pus
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa, open burn infections, unsanitized hot tubs
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Red pus indicates?
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Serratia marcenscens
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White pus indicates?
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Chlamydia
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Yellow pus indicates?
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Staph aureus
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Yellow/Green pus indicates?
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Gonorrhea
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Formaldehyde
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Fixes gross specimens
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Iodine
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Pre-op disinfectant
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Vancomycin
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Used in hospitals now to treat MRSA
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Penicillin
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Treats gram (+), inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Streptomycin
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Treats gram (-), inhibits protein synthesis
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Silver Nitrate
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Used for newborns eyes, prevented opthalmia neonatorum (M/C cause of gonorrhea)
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Sulfa
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Treats gram (-), competes with PABA
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Tetracycline
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Treats gram (-) & gram (+), inhibits protein synthesis, turns teeth gray or yellow/brown
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Burnett/Metchinkoff
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Developed humoral "phagocytic" theory of immune response
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Felix D'Herelle
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Discovered bacteriophage, an altered virus
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Ehrlich
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Magic bullet- Sulfa drugs used for 1st treatment of syphilis
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Flemming
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Discovered Penicillin
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Iwanowski
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Discovered the 1st virus= tobacco mosaic
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Jenner
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Developed small pox vaccine
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Koch
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Proved bacteria causes disease through his 4 postulates
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Rebecca Lansfield
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Classified streptococcus by groups
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Leewenhoek
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Developed 1st microscope & saw microorganisms
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Lister
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Antisepsis, used carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments
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Pasteur
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Father of pathology/Germ theory/Rabies vaccine, Disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization of wine, then milk
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Stanley Pyusner
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Discovered prions
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Walter Reed
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Discovered Yellow fever
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Sabin
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Discovered live polio vaccine given orally
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Salk
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Discovered dead polio vaccine by injection, This was discovered before Sabin
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Semmelweiss
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Discovered Aseptic technique to reduce Puerperal fever AKA childbirth fever
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Colony Variations
D,H,M,O,R,S |
Dwarf, Spreading, Mucoid capsule forming (related to virulence), Compact (O vs H), Rough, Smooth
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Koch's Postulates
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(1) Find microorganisms in people suffering from disease
(2) Isolate & grow them (3) Should cause disease in healthy people when introduced (4) Reisolate organism from people |
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Which of the following are changes in the CSF that are characteristic of acute viral meningitis?
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Normal glucose levels
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Which of the following is a cause of acute bacterial meningitis that can be found in foods such as hot dogs or coleslaw?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Which of the following is a cause of a sporadic form of viral encephalitis?
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Herpes simplex virus type II
Measles virus Varicella Zoster |
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Which of the following is the organism that causes Hansen's disease?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Which of the following is the most common manifestation of infection with the poliovirus?
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Abortive poliomyelitis
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Which part of the antibody molecule determines what antigen the antibody will react to?
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Variable portion of the light chain & Variable portion of the heavy chain
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Which of the following is the antibody interaction with an antigen that takes a small soluble antigen that makes it insoluble and causes it to fall out of solution?
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Precipitation
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Which of the following is the class of antibody that can cross the placenta from mother to child to provide protection for the newborn baby?
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IgG
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Which of the following is the type of T lymphocyte that recognizes antigen presented to it in combination with a MHC class I molecule?
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CD8 cell
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The type II Hypersensitivity reaction that produces its effect due to causing an inhibition of cell function is which of the following
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Myasthenia gravis
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Which of the following are causes of a secondary immunodeficiency?
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Malnutrition
Lymphoid malignancies HIV/AIDS |
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Which of the following is the word that means a cluster of cases that occurs during a brief time interval affecting a specific population?
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Outbreak
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Which of the following is an example of a change in human behavior that has produced an increase in the distribution of infectious diseases?
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Increase of children in daycare
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Which of the following is the reservoir for smallpox?
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Human reservoir
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For which category about immunizations in Healthy People 2010 is there a desire for the immunization coverage to be almost doubled – 46% to 90%?
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Pneumococcal vaccine
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Which safety consideration listed below must be followed to insure patient health?
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Using a separate needle and syringe
Considering the patient’s history Considering the contra-indications |
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Which vaccine has recently been linked to causing Type I diabetes in children?
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Haemophilus influenzae b– Hib
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Which of the following is the newest (most recently recognized) cause of death due to HIV/AIDS?
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Wasting
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Which of the following is false about the HIV virus?
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HIV-2 is found in most parts of the world.
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Which structure of the HIV virus changes its shape frequently thus making it difficult to make a vaccine?
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Surface glycoprotein
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Which continent has the most HIV/AIDS cases at present?
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Africa
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Which area of the US has the most cases of HIV/AIDS calculated on a per 100,000 basis?
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Washington, DC
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Which of the following is true about HIV’s environmental and chemical inactivation?
|
HIV is hard to inactivate in dried pus and blood
|
|
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|
Which sign/symptom would indicate that someone who was exposed to HIV should investigate the problem as being more than just the “flu”?
|
Seizures
|
|
|
|
Which cell is the most likely candidate for carrying HIV across the blood brain barrier directly into the brain?
|
Antigen presenting cells
|
|
|
|
What time period is known as the Bacteriological Period of Public Health?
|
1875-1900 AD
|
|
|
|
In 1850s, when a severe cholera epidemic threatened London, John Snow deduced that Cholera
|
was caused by a small entity in the water
|
|
|
|
Major functions of the World Health Organization are
|
Give worldwide guidance in the field of health
Set global standards for health Develop and transfer health technology information and standards |
|
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|
_____________________ is the blueprint for improving the health of Americans and identifies major health indicators and objectives, based on best evidence.
|
Healthy People 2010
|
|
|
|
Healthy People 2010 is a comprehensive, nationwide health promotion and disease prevention agenda which has two goals.
|
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities |
|
|
|
Interferons, complement, lysozyme, and lactoferrin are all examples of
|
Nonspecific antimicrobial factors
|
|
|
|
The complement pathway that requires the combination of antibodies with antigen to be activated is the
|
Classical pathway
|
|
|
|
C3a and C5a are involved in
|
Inflammation and enhancement of phagocytosis
|
|
|
|
The four cardinal signs of inflammation are:
|
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
|
|
|
|
Fever does what?
|
Enhances the inflammatory response by the body
Releases chemo-attractants of leukocytes Increases phagocytic killing by leukocytes |
|
|
|
Which of the following is a disease caused by a protozoan?
|
Malaria
|
|
|
|
Which serotype of Dengue Fever can cause severe and fatal disease?
|
DEN-1
DEN-2 DEN-3 |
|
|
|
The Anopheles mosquito is the vector for:
|
Malaria
|
|
|
|
What percentage of previously infected people are carriers for infectious mono?
|
20%
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is the common name for the disease caused by Yersinia pestis?
|
Black Death
|
|
|
|
Treatment for SBE usually includes which antibiotics used together for a period of a month or more
|
penicillin and gentamicin
|
|
|
|
Which of the following describes biomass?
|
The weight of all the organisms present in the environment.
|
|
|
|
Which of the following techniques of doing microbial studies allows you to detect only certain organisms?
|
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
|
|
|
|
Which of the following would be representative of an oligotrophic body of water?
|
The oceans
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is the limiting factor affecting the presence of microorganisms in aquatic environments?
|
Oxygen
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is representative of the most common genera of the prokaryotes found in soil?
|
Arthrobacter and Streptomyces
|
|
|
|
Which step of the nitrogen cycle reduces nitrogen gas to form ammonium?
|
Nitrogen fixation
|
|
|
|
Which pollutant listed below reduces the oxygen solubility of water?
|
Heated water
|
|
|
|
The most commonly added material to aquatic environments is
|
treated sewage
|
|
|
|
Which of the following are pollution indicator organisms?
|
E. coli
|
|
|
|
Flatworm: Tapeworm
Common name? Shape? |
Cestodes
Long ribbon-like body |
|
|
|
Roundwarms
|
Nematodes
Cylindrical, unsegemented |
|
|
|
Flatworm: Fluke
|
Trematodes
Flat ovoid body |
|
|
|
Hymenolepis Tapeworms
vector? S/Sx? |
Mouth
Diarrhea |
|
|
|
Taenia saginata Tapeworms
vector? S/Sx? |
Uncooked beef
|
|
|
|
Taenia solium Tapeworms
vector? S/Sx? |
Uncooked pork
Cysticercosis, larvae containing cysts in liver, eye, & brain |
|
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum Tapeworms
vector? S/Sx? |
Mouth, contaminated sushi
Pernicious anemia (B12) M/C in yellow fin tuna |
|
|
|
Echinococcus granulosus Tapeworms
vector? S/Sx? |
Canine feces
Hydatid cysts in liver & lung |
|
|
|
Shistosoma japonicum Flukes
vector? S/Sx? |
Infested waters, penetrated broken skin/blood, host is snail
Swimmer's itch, M/C/C of death by a helminth worldwide, inhabits liver |
|
|
|
Fasciolopsis buski Flukes
vector? S/Sx? |
Aquatic plants
Contaminated snail feces gets into plants |
|
|
|
Clonorchis sinensis Flukes
vector? S/Sx? |
Raw contaminated fish
Liver |
|
|
|
Fasciolopsis hepatica Flukes
vector? S/Sx? |
Contaminated aquatic plants, Ex; Kelp
Hemoptysis |
|
|
|
Paragonimus westermani Flukes
vector? S/Sx? |
Crayfish, mouth
Pulmonary (lungs) |
|
|
|
Ascaris lumricoides (Ascariasis) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Oral-fecal
Colicky pain, lives in small intestine, M/C roundwarm & helminth infection worldwide |
|
|
|
Wuchereria bancrofti (Filiariasis) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Mosquitoes
Elephantitis, lymphatic blockage |
|
|
|
Necator americanus AKA Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Fecal, contaminated soil
M/C hookworm in US, Can cause microcytic hypochromic anemia |
|
|
|
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm/threadworm) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Anus-finger-mouth
Scotch tape or anal cellophane test, nocturnal anal itching, M/C helminth in US |
|
|
|
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Flies in Africa
|
|
|
|
Loa Loa (River eye worm) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Flies
AKA African eyeworm |
|
|
|
Trichonella spiralis (Trichinosis) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Raw pork
lives in striated muscle, intercostals, diaphragm, diagnosed on X-ray ecpecially in gastrocs, biopsy muscle to confirm |
|
|
|
Trichuris trichura (Whipworm) Roundworms vector?
S/Sx? |
Oral-fecal
Weight loss |
|
|
|
Capsomere defined?
|
a subunit og the protein coat (capsid) of a virus particle
|
|
|
|
Viroid defined?
|
ssRNA, infects plants and is smaller than a virus
|
|
|
|
Virus defined?
|
classified as either DNA or RNA
|
|
|
|
M/C transmission of Viruses?
|
Respiratory system
|
|
|
|
Arboviruses/Arthropod borne viruses transmission?
|
Mosquitoes
Ex: Equine encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue |
|
|
|
AIDS virus transmission?
|
Sexually, IV drugs
|
|
|
|
Polio virus transmission?
|
oral/fecal
|
|
|
|
Rabies virus transmission?
|
bite from infected animal
|
|
|
|
Warts virus transmission?
|
skin/casual contact
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis virus transmission?
Hep A? Hep B? Hep C? |
Oral/fecal
Sexual transmission, IV drugs Transfusions, tattoos |
|
|
|
Coxsackie Virus
Enteric Rxns |
childhood dysentery (coxsackie B virus)
Hand, foot, & mouth disease |
|
|
|
Echovirus
Enteric Rxns |
Skin rash & heart disease
|
|
|
|
Hantavirus
Enteric Rxns |
spread by rodents, including chipmunks
|
|
|
|
Polio Virus
Enteric Rxns |
oral/fecal spread, affects anterior horn (alpha motor)
Bulbar type= respiratory paralysis= major cause of death |
|
|
|
Adenovirus
Respiratory Rxns |
Causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
|
|
|
|
Influenza
Respiratory Rxns |
Has antigenic shift (big mutation) &/or drift (small mutation)
causes the flu |
|
|
|
Mumps
Respiratory Rxns |
Caused by sidomegalic paramyxoid virus, Pleomorphic
Causes paroditis-leads to LMN disease of CN7 (Bells Palsy) |
|
|
|
RSV
Respiratory Rxns |
Causes croup & bronchiolitis
|
|
|
|
Rabies
|
Bullet shaped, RNA, rhabdo virus, negri bodies in brain, hydrophobic
|
|
|
|
Reyes Syndrome
|
Negative Rxn to aspirin when taken for a vial infection (M/C influenza & chicken pox)
Causes fatty liver & encephalopathy which can be fatal |
|
|
|
Pneumocystitis carinii
|
#1 fungal infection in AIDS
#1 cause of death in AIDS |
|
|
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS
Spread by cat feces |
|
|
|
Kaposi Sarcoma
|
#1 death by cancer in AIDS (also get Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma)
|
|
|
|
Group B Arbovirus
|
Yellow fever
Dengue fever |
|
|
|
Rickettsia akari
|
Rickettsial pox, vector is mites
|
|
|
|
Rickettsia prowazeki
|
Epidemic typhus, AKA Bril-Zinsser's Disease
vector is mites |
|
|
|
Rickettsia quintana
|
Trench fever
vector is Louse |
|
|
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
Rocky mountain spotted fever, rash on wrists & ankles
vector is Dermacenter andersoni (Wood tick) |
|
|
|
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
|
Scrub typhus
vector is mites |
|
|
|
Rickettsia typhi (mooseri)
|
Murine typhus, endemic typhus
Vector is fleas |
|
|
|
Coxiella burnetti
|
Q-fever, Weil-Felix (-)
vector is milk |
|
|
|
Tinea Unguinum
|
Ringworm of nail
|
|
|
|
Tinea Pedis
|
Ringworm of foot (athletes foot)
|
|
|
|
Tinea Cruris
|
Ringworm of groin (jock itch)
|
|
|
|
Tinea Corporis
|
Ringworm of body
|
|
|
|
Tinea Capitis
|
Ringworm of scalp
|
|
|
|
Tinea Barbae
|
Ringworm of beard
|
|
|
|
Keratinase
|
attacks skin
|
|
|
|
Proteinase
|
attacks muscle
|
|
|
|
Elastase
|
attacks connective tissue
|
|
|
|
Naegleria fowleri
|
Causes Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Most lethal meningitis |
|
|
|
Psychrophilic
|
15 degrees Celcius or less
|
|
|
|
Mesophilic
|
25-40 degrees Celcius
Optimal is 37 degrees |
|
|
|
Thermophilic
|
45 degrees Celcius or above
|
|
|
|
Childhood Dysentery
|
Coxsackie virus B
|
|
|
|
Bacterial/Bacillarry Dysentery
|
Shigella
|
|
|
|
Amoebic Dysentery
|
Entamoeba histolytica
(infective stage is in the cyst) |
|
|
|
#1 cause of otitis media?
#2 cause of otitis media? |
Haemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae |
|
|
|
#1 cause of otitis exterma?
#2 cause of otitis externa? |
E. coli
Pseudomas aeurinosa |
|
|
|
CDC
|
Statistics on morbidity & epidemiology
NOT research |
|
|
|
EPA
|
Monitors soil, air, & water quality
|
|
|
|
FDA
|
Regulates health products released to public
|
|
|
|
HHS
|
Controls FDA, CDC, USPHS
|
|
|
|
NIH
|
Research NOT statistics
|
|
|
|
Conjugation
|
plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus & bestows antimicrobial resistance
|
|
|
|
Transduction
|
Bacteriophage transfers genetic material B/W bacteria
|
|
|
|
Transformation
|
direct uptake of free DNA
|
|
|
|
Incidence
|
# of new cases in a given time period
|
|
|
|
Prevalence
|
Total # of cases at a particular point in time
|
|
|
|
Increase in BOD means?
|
Increased dissolved organic material
|
|
|
|
Aeration does what?
|
Adds O2 to water to improve color & taste
Kills remaining anaerobic bacteria Decreases BOD |
|
|
|
Chlorination
|
Kills remaining bacteria after aeration
|
|
|
|
Steps involved with Primary Sewage Treatment
|
1) Filtration
2) Flocculation 3) Sedimentation 4) Sludge digestion |
|
|
|
Steps involved with Secondary Sewage Treatment
|
1) Sand filtration
2) Aeration 3) Cholrination 4) Possible Fluoridation |
|
|
|
2 Leading causes of death in infants?
|
1) Congenital malformations
2) Prematurity |
|
|
|
5 Leading causes of death in adults in US?
|
1) Heart disease
2) Cancer 3) Stroke 4) Respiratory infections 5) Accidents |
|
|
|
2 Leading causes of death worldwide?
|
1) Tuberculosis
2) Malaria |
|
|
|
3 Types of hemolysis?
|
1) Alpha=partial=strep pneumoniae/viridans
2) Beta=complete=strep pyogenes 3) Gamma=none=Strep mutans |
|
|
|
4 steps in gram stain procedure?
|
1) Primary stain=crystal violet or methylene blue
2) Fixer=Iodine=mordant 3) Decolorizer=acertone or ethyl alcohol 4) Counterstain=saffarin |
|
|
|
What occurs in a primary lymphoid tissue?
|
Lymphocytes mature into T and B cells
|
|
|
|
Which of the following occurs in both the classical and the alternate Properdin pathways of Complement activation?
|
Cleavage of C5
|
|
|
|
Which of the following classes of antibodies exists as a pentamer?
|
IgM
|
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells kill foreign cells by ____.
|
Producing lymphokines
|
|
|
|
Which of the following holds the heavy and light chains of an immunoglobulin molecule to each other?
|
Disulfide bonds
|
|
|
|
A phagocyte capable of repeated, sustained phagocytosis is most likely _______:
|
A macrophage
|
|
|
|
How many antigen binding sites does IgG possess?
|
Two
|
|
|
|
In a primary humoral response, which of the following actually produces the antibodies?
|
Plasma cells
|
|
|
|
Cell associated cytotoxicity occurs in_______.
|
Type II hypersensitivity reactions
|
|
|
|
The loss of self recognition may lead to _____.
|
Autoimmune disease
|
|
|
|
Thymine dimers are produced when bacterial DNA is affected by ____.
|
UV light
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is characterized by possessing a thick outer lipid membrane (LPS)?
|
Gram negative bacteria
|
|
|
|
Protozoans are classified into phyla based on ______
|
Means of motility
|
|
|
|
How do bacteria reproduce?
|
Binary fission
|
|
|
|
Which part of the bacterial growth curve represents a period of active growth?
|
Log phase
|
|
|
|
How would members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae be classified?
|
Gram negative bacilli
|
|
|
|
Proglottids and a scolex would be structures found in ______.
|
Parasitic flatworms
|
|
|
|
A capsomer is best described as _______.
|
Part of a viral capsid
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is characterized by possessing a thick layer of peptidoglycan?
|
Gram positive bacteria
|
|
|
|
The Gram stain is based on differences in the composition of the bacterial _____.
|
Cell wall
|
|
|
|
Eating undercooked pork may put you at risk for ____.
|
Trichinella
|
|
|
|
How is Hepatitis A spread?
|
Contaminated food
|
|
|
|
The organism that causes Hansen’s disease is ___.
|
A bacterium
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is most likely the cause of food poisoning linked to episodes of violent vomiting and diarrhea reported only two hours the consumption of food?
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
|
What is the most commonly reported tick borne disease seen in the US?
|
Lyme Disease
|
|
|
|
Neisseria meningitidis uses which of the following virulence factors to survive its passage from the blood to the meninges?
|
Polysaccharide capsule
|
|
|
|
Which of the following has been implicated in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?
|
Escherichia coli
|
|
|
|
The Acid Fast stain allows the identification of _____.
|
Genus Mycobacterium
|
|
|
|
Which of the following has been implicated in peptic ulcer disease?
|
Helicobacter
|
|
|
|
What type of genome is found in the Orthomyxoviruses?
|
Single stranded RNA
|
|
|
|
Viruses characterized by a bullet shaped capsid are most likely_____.
|
Rabies
|
|
|
|
The organism that causes genital herpes is _______.
|
A virus
|
|
|
|
What is one potential virulence factor shared by all Gram negative bacteria?
|
Endotoxin
|
|
|
|
Which feature of the streptococci is the basis for the Lancefield groupings?
|
Cell wall carbohydrates
|
|
|
|
In which disease is mesothelioma a complication?
|
White lung disease
|
|
|
|
The most common cause of skin lesions such as boils or abscesses is ____.
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
|
Which of the following water borne enteric diseases is characterized by massive amounts of fluids passed in the feces?
|
Cholera
|
|
|
|
How is Bubonic Plague spread?
|
Fleas
|
|
|
|
What type of virus causes SARS?
|
Coronavirus
|
|
|
|
What are you using indicator organisms in water testing to detect?
|
Fecal contamination
|
|
|
|
A communicable disease _______.
|
Is spread person to person
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is the protozoal infection of the Central Nervous System that can be contracted by swimming in shallow, soil contaminated water?
|
Cryptococcal meningitis
|
|
|
|
A vaccine (if developed) that would reduce the pathology of malaria would have to be effective against which stage of the lifecycle of Plasmodium
|
Merozoites
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is the organism that can be a problem for infants who are given honey?
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
|
Which of the following is the human disease that is associated with "Mad Cow" disease?
|
Variant form of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
|
|
