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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a
trace element micronutrient growth factor mineral |
growth factor
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The source of the necessary elements of life is
an inorganic environmental reservoir the sun rocks the air |
an inorganic environmental reservoir
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An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is
photoautotroph photoheterotroph chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph |
photoautotroph
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An obligate halophile requires high
pH temperature salt pressure |
salt
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Chemoautotrophs can survive on ____ alone
minerals CO2 minerals and CO2 methane |
minerals and CO2
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Which of the following substances are required by ALL organisms?
organic nutrients inorganic nutrients growth factors oxygen gas |
inorganic nutrients
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A pathogen would most accurately be describe as a
parasite commensal saprobe symbiont |
parasite
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Which of the following is true of passive transport?
it requires a gradient it uses the cell wall it includes endocytosis it only moves water |
it requires a gradient
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A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _____ by osmosis
gain water lose water neither gain nor lose water burst |
lose water
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Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires
a gradient the expenditure of ATP water diffusion |
the expenditure of ATP
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Psychrophiles would be expected to grow
in hot springs on the human body at refrigeration temperatures at low pH |
at refrigeration temperatures
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Which of the following is NOT involved in quorum sensing?
accumulation of inducer molecules a certain level of biofilm density self-monitoring release of genetic material |
release of genetic material
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superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack
catalase peroxidase dismutase oxidase |
dismutase
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The time required for a cell to undergo binary fission is called the
exponential growth rate growth curve generation time lag period |
generation time
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In a variable plate count, each ____ represents a ______ from the sample population.
cell, colony colony, cell hour, generation cell, generation |
colony, cell
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The stage in population growth with the highest rate of cell division is the
stationary phase lag phase log phase enlargement phase |
log phase
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A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is a/an
synthetic drug antibiotic antimicrobial drug competitive inhibitor |
antibiotic
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Which statement is NOT an aim in the use of drugs in antimicrobial chemotherapy? The drug should
have selective toxicity be active even in high dilutions be broken down and excreted rapidly be microbial |
be broken down and excreted rapidly
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Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through
conjugation transformation transduction all of these |
all of these: conjugation, transformation, & transduction
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R factors are _______ that contain a code for __________
genes, replication plasmids, drug resistance transposons, interferon plasmids, conjugation |
plasmids, drug resistance
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When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of
superinfection drug resistance allergy toxicity |
allergy
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An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can cause
the teeth to turn brown aplastic anemia a superinfection hepatotoxicity |
a superinfection
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Most antihelminthic drugs function by
weakening the worms so they can be flushed out by the intestine inhibiting worm metabolism blocking the absorption of nutrients inhibiting egg production all of these |
inhibiting worm metabolism
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Select a drug/s that can prevent a viral nucleic acid from being replicated
axidothymidine acyclovir amantadine both a and b |
both axidothymidine and acyclovir
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Which of the following modes of action would be most selectively toxic?
interrupting ribosomal function dissolving the cell membrane preventing cell wall synthesis inhibiting DNA replication |
preventing cell wall synthesis
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Which of the following effects do antiviral drugs NOT have?
killing extracellular viruses stopping virus synthesis inhibiting virus maturation blocking virus receptors |
killing extracellular viruses
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The MIC is the ___ of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe
largest concentration standard dose smallest concentration lowest dilution |
smallest concentration
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An antimicrobial drug with a _______ therapeutic index is a better choice than one with a ____ therapeutic index
low, high high, low |
high, low
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The best descriptive term for the resident microbes is
commensals parasites pathogens contaminants |
commensals
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Resident microbiota is commonly found in the
liver kidney salivary glands urethra |
urethra
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Normal resident microbes are absent from the
pharynx lungs intestine hair follicles |
lungs
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Virulence factors include
toxins enzymes capsules all of these |
all of these
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the specific action of hemolysins is to
damage white blood cells cause fever damage red blood cells cause leukocytosis |
damage red blood cells
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The ____ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms
prodrome period of invasion period of convalescence period of incubation |
period of incubation
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The presence of a few bacteria in the blood is termed
septicemia toxemia bacteremia a secondary infection |
bacteremia
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A ____ infection is acquired in a hospital
subclinical focal nonsocomial zoonosis |
nonsocomial
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A/an ______ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens
zoonosis biological vector mechanical vector asymptomatic carrier |
mechanical vector
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An example of a noncommunicable infection is
measles leprosy tuberculosis tetanus |
tetanus
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A general term that refers to an increased white blood cell count is
leukopenia inflammation leukocytosis leukemia |
leukocytosis
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The occurrence of Lyme disease mainly in areas where certain species of ticks live would define it as a/an ____ disease
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endemic
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A positive antibody test for HIV would be a ________ of infection.
sign symptom syndrome sequela |
sign
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Which of the following would NOT be a portal of entry
the meninges the placenta the skin the small intestine |
the meninges
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Which of the following is not a condition of Koch's postulates?
isolate the causative agent of a disease cultivate the microbe in a lab inovulate a test animal to observe the disease test the effects of a pathogen on humans |
test the effects of a pathogen on humans
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An outbreak would be endemic because
it happened over a wide geographic region a rise in the number of cases over a short time it was transmitted by a common vehicle it occurred in all age groups |
a rise in the number of cases over a short time
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An example/s of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is/are
unbroken skin lysozyme in saliva cilia in respiratory tract all of these |
lysozyme in saliva
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Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?
lacrimation ciliary lining desquamation lactic acid |
ciliary lining
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Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?
spleen thyroid gland lymph node GALT |
thyroid gland
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Which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes?
eosinophils basophils lymphocytes neutrophils |
neutrophils
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What is included in GALT?
thymus Peyer's patches tonsils breast lymph nodes |
Peyer's patches
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A signaling molecule from microbes recognized by phagocytes is
pyrogen PAMP complement lectin |
PAMP
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Monocytes are ____ leukocytes that develop into ______
granular, phagocytes agranular, mast cells agranular, macrophages granular, T cells |
agranular, macrophages
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Which of the following inflammatory signs specifies pain?
tumor dolor calor rubor |
dolor
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Toll-like receptors are proteins on ______
phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules viruses that stimulate immune reactions skin cells that provide barriers to infection lymphocytes that damage parasitic worms |
phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules
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An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates casodilation is
histamine collagen complement C5a interferon |
histamine
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_____ is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates chemotaxis
endotoxin serotonin a fibrin clot interleukin-2 |
a fibrin clot
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An example of an exogenous pyrogen is
interleukin-1 complement interferon endotoxin |
endotoxin
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______ interferon, producted by T lymphocytes, activates cells called _____ and is involved in destroying viruses
gamma, fibroblasts beta, lymphocytes alpha, natural killer cells beta, fibroblasts |
alpha, natural killer cells
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Which of the following substances is NOT producted by phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms?
hydroxyl radical superoxide anion hydrogen peroxide bradykinin |
bradykinin
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Which of the following is the end product of the complement system?
properdin cascade reaction membrane attack complex complement factor C9 |
membrane attack complex
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Which of these characteristics is not a major factor in adaptive or acquired immunity?
specificity recognition chemotaxis memory |
chemotaxis
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The primary b-cell receptor is
IgD IgA IgE IgG |
IgD
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In humans, B cells mature in the ______ and T cells mature in the
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bone marrow, thymus
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small, simple molecules are _____ antigens
poor never effective mosaic |
poor
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Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies?
T cell macrophage plasma cell monocyte |
plasma cell
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CD4 cells are ___ cells and CD 8 cells are ______ cells
killer, suppressor helper, cytotoxic cytotoxic, helper B, T |
helper, cytotoxic
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Helper T cells receive antigen from ____ and cytotoxic cells receive antigen from _____
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class II MHC, class I MHC [in this order]
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The cross-linkage of antigens by antibodies is known as
opsonization cross-reaction agglutination complement fixation |
agglutination
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The greatest concentration of antibodies is found in the ________ fraction of serum
gamma globulin albumin beta globulin alpha globulin |
gamma globulin
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T ______ cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other T cells
sensitized cytotoxic helper natural killer |
helper
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cytotoxic T cells are important in controlling
virus infection allergy autoimmunity all of these |
virus infections
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vaccination is synonymous with _____ immunity
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artificial active
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Which of the following can seve as antigen-presenting cells {APCs}?
T cells B cells macrophages dendritic cells all but T cells |
all but T cells
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A living microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vaccination is considered
a toxoid attenuated denatured an adjuvant |
attenuated
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A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called
acellular recombinant subunit attenuated |
subunit
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widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of disease is called
sero positivity cross-reactivity epidemic prophylaxis herd immunity |
herd immunity
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DNA vaccines contain _______ DNA that stimulates cells to make _______ antigens
human, RNA microbial, protein human, protein microbial, polysaccharide |
microbial, protein
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