Microbio, Ch 37 And 38

Front 1

Proteases

Back 1

Enzymes that degrade proteins.

Front 2

Crateriform

Back 2

Saucer Shaped Liquefication (Protease)

Front 3

Napiform

Back 3

Turniplike

Front 4

Infundibular

Back 4

Funnel-like or inverted cone

Front 5

Saccate

Back 5

Elongated sac, tubular, cylindrical

Front 6

Stratiform

Back 6

Liquefied to the walls of the tube in the upper region

Front 7

Enzymes

Back 7

Protein molecules that help catalyze metabolic pathways in the cells

Front 8

Catabolism

Back 8

The set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy

Front 9

Anabolism

Back 9

The set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units

Biosynthesize food materials

Front 10

Exoenzymes

Back 10

Function outside the cell to degrade large macromolecules.

Front 11

Coenzymes

Back 11

Assist in catalytic reactions.

Front 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 12

Shuttling of electrons down an electron transport chain involving cytochromes facilitates the movements of the protons to the outside of the cell.

Front 13

Substrate level Phosphorylation

Back 13

ATP is synthesized by __________ in which metabolic intermediates in pathways directly transfer high energy phosphates to ADP to synthesize ATP.

Front 14

Fermentation tests

Back 14

Determine if your unknown is capable of carrying out various fermentation reactions

Front 15

Oxidative tests

Back 15

Determine if your unknown carries out respiratory metabolism

Front 16

Formic hydrpgenlyase

Back 16

Splits formic acid to produce CO2 and O2

Front 17

Nitrate respiration

Back 17

Some facultative anaerobes can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in a type of anaerobic respiration called __________

Front 18

Head Sparing

Back 18

The phenomenon by which the brain continues to grow even though the body stops growing in a malnourished child (p. 122)

Front 19

Norm

Back 19

The average, or standard, developed for a specific population

Front 20

Percentile

Back 20

Any point on a ranking scale of 1 to 99; percentiles are often used to compare a child's development to group norms.

Front 21

REM sleep

Back 21

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed eyelids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves

Front 22

Neuron

Back 22

Nerve cell, is the main component of the central nervous system

Front 23

Cortex

Back 23

Outer layer of the brain that is involved in most thinking, feeling, and sensing

Front 24

Axon

Back 24

The nerve fiber that sends electrical impulses from one neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

Front 25

Dendrite

Back 25

Nerve fiber that receives the electrical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons

Front 26

Synapse

Back 26

The point at which the axon of a sending neuron,meets the dendrites of a receiving neuron

Front 27

Transient exuberance

Back 27

Dramatic increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infant's brain over the first two years of life

Front 28

Experiences-Expectant

Back 28

Brain functions are those that require basic common experiences (such as having things to see and hear) in order to develop

Front 29

Experience-Dependent

Back 29

Brain functions are those that depend on particular, and variable, experiences (such as experiencing language) in order to develop

Front 30

Sensation and Perception

Back 30

The process by which a sensory system detects a particular stumlus

The process by which the brain tries to make sense of a stimulus such that the individual becomes aware of it

Front 31

Binocular Vision

Back 31

The ability to use both eyes in a coordinated fashion to focus on a single object

Front 32

Reflex

Back 32

An involuntary physical response to a specific stimulus

Front 33

Gross Motor Skills

Back 33

Physical abilities that demand larger body movements, such as running, jumping, or climbing

Front 34

Fine Motor Skills

Back 34

Physical abilities that require precise, small movements such as picking up a coin

Front 35

SIDS

Back 35

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; a set of circumstances in which a seemingly healthy infant dies unexpectedly in his or her sleep

Front 36

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

Back 36

Results when a person does not consume enough food to thrive

Front 37

Marasmus

Back 37

A disease caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency during the first year of life. Growth stops, body tissues waste away and the infant dies

Front 38

Kwashiorkor

Back 38

A disease caused by protein-calorie deficiency during toddlerhood. The child's face, arms, and abdomen swell with water, sometimes making the child appear well fed. The child becomes more vulnerable to other diseases. Other body parts are degraded including the hair which becomes thin, brittle, and colorless

Front 39

Adaptation

Back 39

Key element to Piaget's theory: The cognitive process by which information is taken in and responded to

Front 40

Sonsorimotor intelligence

Back 40

Key element to Piaget's theory: From birth to about 2 years old, based on his theory that infants think exclusively with their senses and motor skills

Front 41

Primary Circular Reactions

Back 41

Key element to Piaget's theory: A type of feedback loop involving the infant's own body, in which infants take in experiences (such as sicking and grasping) and try to make sense of them

Front 42

Secondary circular reactions

Back 42

Key element to Piaget's theory:
A type of feedback loop involving the infant's responses to objects and other people

Front 43

Object permanence

Back 43

Key element to Piaget's theory:
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, touched, or heard

Front 44

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Back 44

Key element to Piaget's theory:
The most sophisticated type of infant feedback loop, involving active exploration and experimentation

Front 45

Little scientist

Back 45

Key element to Piaget's theory: Term for the stage-five toddler who learns about properties of object in his or her world through active experimentation

Front 46

Deferred Imitation

Back 46

The ability to witness, remember, and later copy a behavior they noticed hours or days earlier

Front 47

Habituation

Back 47

The process of becoming so familiar witha stimulus that it no longer triggers the responses it did when it was originally experiences

Front 48

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Back 48

An imaging technique in which the brain's magnetic properties are measured to reveal changes in activity levels in various parts of the brain

Front 49

Information processing Theory

Back 49

A theory of human congnition that compares thinking to the ways in which a computer analyzes data, through the processes of input, connections, stored memories, and output

Front 50

Affordances

Back 50

Perceived opportunities for interacting with people, objects, or places in the environment. Infants perceive sucking, grasping, noisemaking, and many other affordances of objects at an early age

Front 51

Visual Cliff

Back 51

Perception, provides the illusion of a drop between one surface and another

Front 52

Dynamic Perception

Back 52

Perception that is primed to focus on movemnt and change

Front 53

Child directed language

Back 53

Form of speech used by adulat,

Front 54

pH

Back 54

Hydrogen ion concentration (-log10[H+])

Affects proteins and other charged molecules in the cell

Front 55

Neutrophiles

Back 55

Bacteria that grow at or near neutral pH levels

Front 56

Acidophiles

Back 56

Bacteria that grow at acidic pH values

ex: Thiobacillus thiooxidans that grows at pH 1

Front 57

Alkaliphiles

Back 57

Bacteria that grow at alkaline pH

True alkalinophilic bacteria are found growing in environments such as soda lakes and high carbonate soils where the pH can reach 10 or aboce

Front 58

Osmosis

Back 58

Water diffuses from areas of low solute concentration where water is more plentiful to areas of high solute concentration where water is less available.

Front 59

Hypotonic

Back 59

Medium where solute concentrations on the outside of the cell are lower than the cytoplasm.

Bacteria are not harmed by hypotonic solutions because the rigid cell wall protects the membrane from being damaged by the osmotic pressure exerted against it.

Front 60

Isotonic

Back 60

Environments where the solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.

Animal cells require isotonic environments or else cells will undergo lysis because only the fragile cell membrane surrounds the cell.

Tissue culture media for growing animal cells provides an isotonic environment to prevent cell lysis.

Front 61

Hypertonic

Back 61

These environments exist when the solute concentration is greater on the outside of the cell relative to the cytoplasm, and this causes water to diffuse out of the cytoplasm.

Front 62

Plasmolysis

Back 62

A loss of water, dehydration of the cytoplasm, and shrinkage of the cell membrane away from the cell wall.

Considerable and often irreversible damage can occur to the metabolic machinery of the cell.

Front 63

Halophiles

Back 63

Require high concentrations of sodium chloride to grow. Examples are the halophilic bacteria that require 15-30% sodium chloride to grow and maintain integrity of their cell walls.

These bacteria, which belong to the Archaea are found in salt lakes, and brine solutions, and occasionally growing on salted fish.

Front 64

Halotolerant

Back 64

Some microorganisms are capable of growth in moderate concentrations of salt.

ex: Staphylococcus aureus can tolerate sodium chloride concentrations that approach 3 M or 11%

Front 65

Osmophiles

Back 65

Another group of organisms which are able to grow in environments where sugar concentrations are excessive.

ex: Xeromyces, a yeast that can contaminate and spoil jams and jellies

Front 66

Taxons

Back 66

Organisms ordered into ______ of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders/divisions, families, tribes, genera, and species.

The species defines the individual organism in the scheme, and for higher organisms, a species is defined as a group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring.

Front 67

Stromatolites

Back 67

Some of the oldest examples of primitive organisms are probably early bacterial cells that have been preserved in fossilized mats occur in tide pools in places such as Australia and that date to 3.5 billion years ago.

Front 68

Enterotube II

Back 68

Miniaturized multitest system was developed for rapid identification of Enterobacteriacaea. It incorporates 12 different tests into a single ready-to-use tube that can be simultaneously inoculated in a moment's time with a minimum of equipment.