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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name 2 MAIN characteristics of microbes
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small and can exist as single cells
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who invented the microscope?
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Robert Hooke
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who was the first to see microorganisms andwhat did he call them
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Antone Von Leuwenhoeke and he called them "wee animalcules"
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what did Ferdinand Coln do?
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he was the first to study the 'biology' of microbes, he lookes atthe life cycle of bacillus "vegatative cells". he also looked at the diversity of microbes
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what were 2 important questions during the 1800's?
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1. is there spontaneous generation?
2. what was the natur of infectious diseases? |
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who answered the question about spontaneous growth and how?
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Louis Pasteur, he did an experiment using a flask. when it was left sterile nothing grew but when it was tilted it grew microbes.
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who answered the question about the nature of infectious diseases?
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Robert Koch. he showed that B.anthracis is in the blood of animals w/anthrax. then took the diaseased animals blood and injected it into a healthy animal and it became diseased. he did this 20X. and formulated "KOCH'S POSTULATE"
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why is Koch's postulate used?
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it is used to prove that a certain microorganism causes a certain disease
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list the 4 steps in Koch's Postulate
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1. show that the microbe is always present in a diseased host but not in a healthy post.
2.grow the microbe in a pure culture 3. show that the pure culture causes the disease. 4.reisolate the organism from the newly diseased host and show that it is the same as original one. |
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name the 3 domains of life
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1. baceria
2. archae 3. eukarya |
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which domain(s) are prokaryoates
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archae and bacteria
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which domain(s) is eukaryotic
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eukarya
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name 2 main categories of energy and 2 categories of carbon
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E= light and chemical
Carbon = CO2 and organic carbon |
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what is the average size of a cell membrane
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8nm
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how is the cell membrane held together in bacteria?
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hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions
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what kind of molecules can pass through the cell membrane
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non -polor
small |
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how is the PO4 and glycerol held together in bacteria membrane?
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ester bonds
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what is the difference between Archea membrane and baccteria membrane
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1. archae use ether rather than ester bonds
2. archae dont ahve fatty acids but instead have 'isoprenes' |
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name the 2 classes of phspholipids in archeal membrane
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1. glycerol diethers - forms bilayer
2. glycerol tertraethers - forms monolayer (strong b/c of covalent bonds) |
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what is unique to Eukarya membranes?
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the presence of sterols (which provide stability)
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what do bacteria have that are similar to sterols in membranes?
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haponoids
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why dont archae need sterols or haponoids?
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b/c they can have glycerol tertraethers which provide strength
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how are large and charged particles movied across the membrane?
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by membrane transport proteins
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name 3 classes of proteins
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1. uniporters - move one substance in 1 dierection
2.symporters - move 2 substances in same direction 3. antiporters - move 2 substances in opposite directions |
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name 3 categories of transport in terms of what drives the transport
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1.group translocation
2. ABC transport 3. Simple transport |
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what is the energy provider in simple transport
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concentration gradient
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Simple transport
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E from concentration gradient (gradient of 10 H+ (protons), pmf
ex. lac permease in e.coli |
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group translocation
-what is require -where is energy coming from |
series of proteins are required
E from PEP (phosphenolpyruvate) |
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ABC system
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involves 'periplasmic' binding protein
E from ATP |
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name 3 functions of the cell wall
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1. stability
2. shape 3. counteract turgor pressure |
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name the 3 layers of gram - bacteria
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1. LPS (outer)
2. peptidoglycan - perisplamic space |
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which organism is peptidoglycan found in?
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bacteria ONLY
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name the 2 sugar derivatives composing the peptidoglycan
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1. N-acetylglucosamine
2. N- acetylmuramic acid |
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how are the 2 sugar derivatives of the peptidoglycan connected/
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side chain of amino acid
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which contains more peptidoglycan gram + or - ?
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positive ~90%
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what is the difference in the LPS and cytoplasmic membrane?
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LPS is much more permeable like the cytoplasmic membrane
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name the 2 polysacchardide making up the LPS layer
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O-polysacchardide
core- polysaccharide |
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name the 3 enzymes in the periplasmic space
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1. binding proteina in ABC system
2.hydrolytic enzymes 3. chemoreceptors |
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were are techoic acids found and what do they do
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they are attached to the outer part of the gram + wall. they are negatively charged and helps maintain the pmf.
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list the steps of gram staining
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1. stain w/ crystal violet ~1min then rinse with water
2. stain w/ iodine ~1 min (fixes stain) 3. destain w/ alcohol or acetone ~20 sec 4. counterstain w/ safranin |
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name 2 ways pmf is generated
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1. when e-s are transfered between H carriers and E carriers (organized to pick up h+ from the cytoplasm and release to env
2.H+ consuming reactions in the cytoplasm |
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what is the energy source of fermentation
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organic C
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name 6 characteristics of fermentation
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1. Its an internal balanced redox rxn
2. only a partial amount of potential E is realeased 3. there is no external electron acceptor 4. there is no e- transport chain 5. not membrane associated, occurs in cytoplasm 6. ATP is formed enzymatically by transfer of ~po4 |
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list the 3 steps in fermentation of glucose
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1. 2 ATP is used to produce 2molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-po4 from glucose, 2ATP is produced. (prepatory step)
2. An oxidation occurs w/ NAD+ to produce pyruvate (2) + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 4ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. net = 2ATP 3. a reduction occurs to reoxidize NADH+H+ (required for fermentation) |
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name the 2 types of motility of microbes
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1. gliding motility
2. suspended motility |
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what are the 2 mechanism of gliding motility
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1. toothpaste tube
2. protein microfibrils |
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explain the structure of a bacterial flagella
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its long, thin, hollow, 20nm in diameter, they have left handed helices
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name the 3 types of arrangement of the flagela on the bacteria
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1. polar (at one end)
2. liphotrichous (many flagella at one end) 3. peritrichous (located all over the bacteria) |
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what are flagellum composed of?
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subunits called 'flagellin' which are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
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how are flagellum conected to the cell
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it is connected to the cell at a basal body by the hook
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where are the 'rings' located on the gram - bacteria
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a pair of outer rings ( one in the LPS layer and one in the peptidoglycan layer) and an inner pair in the cell membrane (MS rings and C rings)
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what are the proteins between the inner rings and what do they do
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FLI proteins - change the direction of the flaggellum
Mot-motility - use pmf to rotates the flagellum |
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how are the rings located in the gram + bacteria
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a single inner pair (in and above the cell membrane)
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how many H+s are needed to rotate the flaggelum one turn
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1000
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what is the maximum rate of rotation of the flagellum
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200rps (1200rpm)
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what is the velocity
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20-80 um/sec
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how do eukaryotic cells move?
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movement of flagella or cilia
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explain the structure of the eukaryotic flagellum
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they have a "9+2" arrangement - 9 pairs of microtubules round the cell and 1 pair in the middle.
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how is the eukaryotic flagellum powered?
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it is powered by a protein (dynein) NOT my pmf as in bacteria flagellum
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