Microbial Nutrition And Ecology

Front 1

Nutrition

Back 1

Chemical substances that are acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities

Front 2

Essential nutrients

Back 2

Must be provided to organism

Front 3

Lag phase

Back 3

Flat period of adjustment, enlargement and little growth

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Exponential growth phase

Back 4

Maximum growth that continues as long as cells have enough nutrients and favored conditions

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Stationary phase

Back 5

Cell growth is equal to cell death dur to depletion of nutrients and O2

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Death phase

Back 6

Limited factors cause cells to die exponentially

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Generation (doubling time)

Back 7

Time required for a complete fission cycle

Front 8

Macronutrients

Back 8

Large quantities that play a role in cell structure and metabolism

Front 9

Micronutrients

Back 9

Small amounts and involved in enzyme function and protein structure

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Organic nutrients

Back 10

Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

Front 11

Inorganic nutrients

Back 11

Contains a combination of atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen

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96% is composed of..

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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorous

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Main determinants of nutritional type are based upon how the cell obtains...

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Energy and Carbon

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Chemotroph

Back 14

Gains energy from chemical compounds

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Phototroph

Back 15

Gains energy from capturing sunlight rays and transforms it into chemical energy (photosynthesis)

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Heterotroph

Back 16

Obtains carbon in organic form made by living organisms-proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acid

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Autotroph

Back 17

An organism that uses CO2 as a carbon source.

Front 18

Photoautotroph

Back 18

Use O2 for photosynthesis

Hint 18

Sunlight & CO2

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Chemoautotroph

Back 19

Survive totally on inorganic

Hint 19

Inorganic chemicals & CO2

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Methanogens

Back 20

Chemoautotrophs that produce methane found in swamps

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Biofilms

Back 21

Organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together

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Guorum sensing

Back 22

Communicate and cooperate in the formation &function of biofilms

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Normal microbial flora

Back 23

Human body is our rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi and a few protozoa

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Symbiotic

Back 24

Two organisms live together in close partnership

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Mutualism

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Obligatory, dependent. Both benefit

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Commensalism

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Commensal benefit, one benefits the other is not affected

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Parasitism

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Parasute dependent- one benefits the other is affected

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Barophiles

Back 28

Survives under intense pressure and can erupt if exposed to atmospheric pressure

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Osmotic pressure

Back 29

minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

Hint 29

Osmosis

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Halophiles

Back 30

Requires high concentration

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Osmotolerant

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Does not need high concentration of solute

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Acidophiles

Back 32

Grow at extreme acid pH( algea and bacteria can survive at pH=0)

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Alkalinophiles

Back 33

Grow at extreme alkaline pH (mono lake pH=12)

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Neutrophils

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PH of around 6-8

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Capnophilic Bacteria

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Grow best at higher CO2, nornally present in the atmosphere

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GasPak

Back 36

Anaerobic growth chamber

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Aerobic

Back 37

Requires O2 for some cellular functions

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Anaerobic

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Dosent need O2 for cellular functions

Hint 38

Strict and aerotolerant

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Strict

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O2 that is toxic to microbes

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Aerotolerant

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Tolerable but not preferred

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Psychrophiles

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Optimum temperature below 15°C

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Mesophiles

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Optimum temperature 20°-40°C

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Thermophiles

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Optimum temperature over 45°C

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Optimum temperatures

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Temp that will promote the fastest growth

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Niche

Back 45

the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem

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Environmental factors a species needs to function metabolic enzymes

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Temp., oxygen, pH, osomotic pressure, perometric pressure

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Endocytosis

Back 47

Encloses particles in small portions of plasma membrane to form vesicles that form into the cytoplasm

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Phagocytosis

Back 48

Organic material brought into the cell

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Pinocytosis

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Brings liquid into the cell

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Hypotonic fluid

Back 50

Cells will swell because to much fluid flows into the cell(high concentration flows to low concentration

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Isotonic fluid

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Same concentration of solutes as the fluid in the cell(equal flow)

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Hypertonic

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Greater concentration of solutes outside cell than in cell. It shrivels

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Osmosis

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Passive diffusion of water across a permeable membrane

Hint 53

Tonicity- osmotic movements are affected by relative concentrations of solutes in fluids inside and outside the cell

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Active transport

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Requires energy ans carrier proteins. They are gradient independent

Front 55

Passive transport

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Does not require energy. Exists in gradient and from high to low concentration.

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Chemoheterotrophs use

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Aerobic respiration

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Saprobes

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Free-living microorganisms that fees on organic detritus

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Parasites

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Derive nutrients from host

Front 59

Obligate parasites

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Dependent on host, cannot grow outside of a living host