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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between high and low
germicides |
High levels-kill endospores, used on equipment (in the body tissue), that cant be used in autoclaved
Low germicides-kills vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells. clean surfaces that tough skin |
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Halogens
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Denature proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds.
Chlorine and Iodine |
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Phenolics
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disrupt cell membrane& precipitating proteins; bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, not sporicidal
Examples: Lysol |
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Alcohols
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Dissolving membrane lipids and coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells and fungi
Not sporicidal |
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Hydrogen peroxide
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produce highly reactive hydroxyl-free radicals that damage proteins and DNA while also decomposing to 02 gas
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Detergents
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surfactants that alter membrane permeability of some bacteria & fungi
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Heavy metals
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kill vegetative cells in low concentration by inactivating proteins
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Aldehydes
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Glutaraldehyde & formaldehyde kill by alkylating protein & DNA
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Ethylene oxide
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Ethylene oxide
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antimicrobial vs antibiotic drug
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antibiotic are products of aerobic spore forming bacteria and fungi
antimicrobial- kill or inhibit microbial cells without damaging host tissues at the same time |
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Ideal characteristics of an antimicrobial drug
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1. selectively toxic to mircobes and causes no damage to host cell
2. mircobicidal rather thatn mircobistatic 3. remains active tissue and body fluids |
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Why it is more difficult to develop antiviral or antifungal agents than antibacterial agents
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As the characteristics of the infectious agent become more similar to the vertebrate host cell, complete selective toxicity becomes more difficult to achieve & more side effects are seen
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bacteriostatic vs. bacteriocidal
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bacteriostatic-any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth
Baceriocidal-kills enough microbes for immune system to take over |
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4 human activities that have made it easier for microbes to become drug resistant.
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1. patient does not take full amount of drug
2.Travel 3.inappropriate choice of antimicrobial drugs 4.Antimicrobial drugs in animal feedctions |
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Penicillin
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Disrupts cell wall
targets bacteria Penicillin resistance-problem Allergic reactions |
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Cephalosporin
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Disrupt PG synthesis/cell wall construction
target bacteria IV administration, commonly used, less allergies than penicillin |
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Sulfa drug
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block enzymes required for tetrahydrofolate synthesis needed for DNA & RNA synthesis.
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Trimethoprim
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Blocks DNA/RNA base synthesis
targets bacteria Works synergistically with sulfonamides/sulfa drugs |
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Tetracycline
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Blocks protein synthesis
bacteria board sectrum |
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Chloramphenicol
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Disrupts protein synthesis
targets bacteria Penetrate into cells and tissues Can be toxic to bone marrow cells |
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Erythromycin
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disrupts protein systhesis
targets bacteria Azithromycin, can cause GI distress |
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Rifampin
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blocks transcription
targets bacteria Used with Isoniazid to treat Mycobacterial infections (TB and leprosy) |
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Polymixin
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Disrupts cell membranes
Target bacteria Toxic to the kidney (MIC test is needed) |
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Bacitracin
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Disrupts cell membranes/PG
Targets bacteria Topical antimicrobial |
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Fluoroquinolones
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disrupts DNA repair
target bacteria Ciprofloxacin, tendon damage |
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Griseofulvin
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Disrupts mitosis
targets fungi |
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Synthetic azoles
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Blocks cell membrane sterol synthesis
targets fungi |
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Acyclovir
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Disrupts DNA synthesis & nucleic acid synthesis
target virus Used for treatment of Herpes |
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Zidovudine-AZT
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Disrupts viral DNA replication from RNA
target virus Reverse transcriptase inhibitor in HIV |
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Fuseon
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Blocks viral entry
targets virus HIV |
