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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Lecture 1:
Three main virus hypotheses? 1: 2: 3: |
1: Progressive or escape hypothesis - viruses arose from genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells
2: Regressive or reduction hypothesis - remnants of cellular organisms been reduced
3: virus-First hypothesis - viruses predate or coevolved with their cellular hosts. |
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Infection evidence found on dinosaurs? T/F |
True.
Osteomyelitis on stegosaurus tail Dental records on many different dinosaurs |
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Who was Java man? |
Homo erectus erectus
Femur showing osteomyelitis |
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Human genetic resistance. 3 examples: |
Duffy antigen - Duffy negative people are less susceptible to plasmodium vivax
Sickle Cell anaemia
Thalassemia - abnormal haemoglobin production |
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Where/When was the first written record of herbal remedies written? |
3000 BC, Iraq. "Sumerians of Mesopotamia |
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What was the 1550 BC Eber's papyrus? |
Medical text aimed at:
-Physican - Person treating external injuries
- Exorciser of Serqet -Person treating snake/scorpion bites
-"Pure-priest of sekhment" - Person treating aliments with no cures. I.e. Plagues. |
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Who first discussed "Germ Theory"? |
Girolamo Fracastoro |
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Germ theories 3 routes of contagion? |
Direct contact
Fomites (objects like clothes)
Airborne |
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Very first evidence of vaccination? |
Mithridates, 120 BC
Habituated himself to lethal doses of poison.
Lived into his 70s when average life expectancy was ~35-40 |
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Who created the first effective smallpox vaccine? |
Edward Jenner, 1796. |
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Germ theory of fermentation and early scientific method developer? |
Lewis Pastur
Developed: - anthrax and rabies vaccine - heat treatment for milk |
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Who was the first to culture bacteria on Agar Media? |
Robert Koch
-also identified mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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What are the four Koch postulates? |
1: the microorganism must be found in abundance in all suffering from the disease
2: The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism grown in pure culture
3: the microorganism should cause disease if given to a healthy organism
4: The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased host and identified as the specific causative agent. |
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Three examples of 20th century antibiotics |
-Procyanase -Prontosil -Salvarsan |
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What are some current challenges? |
Global epidemics -SARS, MERS
Lethal outbreaks of hyper virulent viruses - Tuberculosis, Zika
Antibiotic resistance
Crackpots. -antivaxers etc.. |
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Lecture 2: Commensal Flora: What is the major site of commensal flora? |
Body surfaces. |
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Commensal Flora are acquired from the mother Before, During or After birth? |
During birth and from the environment |
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Four benefits of commensal flora: |
1: Prevent the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria 2: Produce most of our Vitamin K and B12 3: Aid in food absorption. (Breaking down of large molecules) 4: Degrade harmful compounds |
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Innate Immunity: Three example of Antibacterial secretions |
1: Skin lipids 2: Lysozymes in saliva/tears/intestine 3: Gastrointestional secretions - Stomach Acid - Bile Salts |
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List some of the Factors Influencing Commensal Flora. (7 total) |
1: Temperature 2: Oxygen 3: Nutrient supply 4: Humidity 5: Body secretions 6: interaction with other organisms 7: Antimicrobials |
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List 3 factors that influence Commensal Flora |
1: Antibitoics 2: Non-antibiotic drugs - Proton pump inhibitors 3: Change in imune status |
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List some ways commensal flora can become a pathogen |
1: Breach of normal innate defences 2: imunocomprimised host 3: Overhrowth due to disturbances in normal control methods -Candida vaginalis following antibiotic therapy - Alterd bowl movement flollowing gastroenteritis. |
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Commensal Flora are True Pathogens? (T/F) |
False. |
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What are True Pathogens? |
Pathogens that always cause disease even in healthy patients. Also, cause disease more readily in immunocompromised patients. |
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What are Opportunistic Pathogens |
Pathogens that rarely cause disease in individuals with efficient immune system. Many are apart of normal human flora |
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A successful pathogen must be able to? (5 things) |
1: Enter the hosts body 2: Multiply in tissue 3: Damage the tissue 4: Resist host defences 5: Exit the host |
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Pathogen: Steps in the infectious process: (5 steps) |
1: Transmission of the pathogen to the host 2: Enters the host (With or without attachment) to skin or mucus membranes 3: Local multiplication and spread on the surface or mucous with or without tissue invasion 4: Systemic spread and multiplication 5: Exit from host |
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List some ways a pathogen damages the host (4 ways) |
1: Invasion and multiplication within tissues 2: Toxin production 3: Immunopathology 4: Combination of all. |
