Micro Test Ii (Ch. 4)

Front 1

process by which prokaryotic cells divide

Back 1

binary fission

Front 2

time it takes for population to double

Back 2

generation time or doubling time

Front 3

formula to calculate bacterial growth

Back 3

Nt = No x 2^n
Where Nt is # of cells, No is the original # of cells, and n is the number of divisions

Front 4

what are two multicellular associations that cells produce to increase survivability

Back 4

biofilms, slime layers

Front 5

True or False: biofilms are sessile.

Back 5

True

Front 6

what contains open channels for movement of nutruent and waste

Back 6

biofilm

Front 7

Can cells within biofilms cause disease?

Back 7

Yes.

Front 8

What helps biofilms resist immune response and antimicrobials?

Back 8

its architecture

Front 9

what kind of interaction is it when the waste of one organism is a nutrient for another?

Back 9

cooperative

Front 10

what do some cells synthesize to inhibit growth of competitors so they can get the nutrients

Back 10

toxic substances

Front 11

study of a particular organism requires what

Back 11

pure culture

Front 12

population of cells derived from a single cells (all cells identical)

Back 12

pure culture

Front 13

minimizes potetial contamination

Back 13

aseptic technique

Front 14

broth media with addition of sugar

Back 14

solid media

Front 15

vessel for culture media

Back 15

Petri dish

Front 16

what extract is used for solid media

Back 16

agar marine algae extract

Front 17

growth arising from single cell forms colony on solid medium

Back 17

colony forming unit

Front 18

visible growth from CFU shows up at how many cells

Back 18

1 million

Front 19

simplest and most common method for bacterial isolation

Back 19

streak plate method

Front 20

no new input of nutrient and no relase of waste (name of the system)

Back 20

closed/batch system

Front 21

closed/batch system reults in a predictable cell increase that follows a pattern called:

Back 21

growth curve

Front 22

5 stages of growth curve

Back 22

lag stage, exponential or log stage, stationary stage, death stage, phase of prolonged declline (LESDP- Lame elves should dance proudly.)

Front 23

phase in which number of cells does not increase in number but cells prepare for growth

Back 23

lag phase

Front 24

phase in which cells are growing faster than they are dying

Back 24

log phase

Front 25

phase in which overall population remains relatively stable, cells exhausted nutrients, cell growth=cell death; dying cells supply metabolites for replicating cells

Back 25

stationary phase

Front 26

phase in wich total number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate, death rate slower than growth in log phase

Back 26

death phase

Front 27

phase once nearly 99% of cells are dead, remaining cells continue to decline, very gradual decrease

Back 27

phase of prolonged decline

Front 28

where in the colony do cells have more access to gases and nutrients, little competition

Back 28

edge of colony

Front 29

continuous exponential growth can be sustained by use of a ______

Back 29

chemostat

Front 30

continually drips fresh nutrients in, release same amount of waste product

Back 30

chemostat

Front 31

chemostats are used for ______

Back 31

continuous cultures

Front 32

what group inhabits nearly all encironments

Back 32

prokaryotes

Front 33

what 4 major conditions influence growth?

Back 33

temperature, oxygen, pH, water availability (TOPW)

Front 34

what 3 things must cells be able to do to grow?

Back 34

generate primary metabolites, generate macomolecules, orchestrate vital processes (GPMMOVP- Give Paul's M&M's over, Vick pleaded.)

Front 35

3 vital processes necessary for bacterial growth

Back 35

DNA replication, energy production, regulatory processes

Front 36

2 types of regulatory processes

Back 36

gene expression, import and export

Front 37

T= -5 to 15C, found in Arctic and Antarctic regions

Back 37

psychrophile

Front 38

20 to 30C, important in food spoilage

Back 38

psychrotroph

Front 39

25-45C more common, disease causing

Back 39

mesophile

Front 40

45-70C common in hot springs

Back 40

thermophiles

Front 41

70-110C usually members of Archaea, found in hydrothermal vents

Back 41

hyperthermophiles

Front 42

type of respiration where oxygen is required for energy production

Back 42

aerobic

Front 43

two types of respiration that doesn't need oxygen to produce energy

Back 43

fermentation, anaerobic respiration

Front 44

absolute requirement for oxygen

Back 44

obligate aerobes

Front 45

no multiplication in presence of oxygen, may cause death

Back 45

obligate anaerobes

Front 46

grows better with oxygen, but uses fermentation in absence of oxygen

Back 46

facultative anaerobes

Front 47

requires oxygen in lower concentrations, higher concentration is inhibitory

Back 47

microaerophiles

Front 48

indifferent to oxygen, grows with or without, doesn't use oxygen to produce energy

Back 48

aerotolerant anaerobes

Front 49

what two molecules degrade superoxide into water?

Back 49

superoxide dismutase and catalase

Front 50

reactive oxygen species

Back 50

O2^- superodixe radical

Front 51

multiplies between pH of 5 to 8, maintain optimum near neutral

Back 51

neutrophiles

Front 52

thrive at pH 5.5, maintains netural interal pH pumping out protons (H+)

Back 52

acidophiles

Front 53

grows at pH above 8.5, maintains neutral internal pH through sodium ion exchange, exchange sodium ion for external H+

Back 53

alkalophiles

Front 54

osmotolerant bacteria can tolerate what

Back 54

high salt environments

Front 55

bacteria that require high salt environments

Back 55

halophiles

Front 56

in high salt environments, bacteria increase what and synthesize what

Back 56

internal solute concentration; synthesize small organic molecules

Front 57

four nutritional factors to be considered that influence growth

Back 57

required elements, growth factors, energy sources, nutritional diversity

Front 58

two groups of required elements (nutrtional factors on growth)

Back 58

major elements and trace elements

Front 59

elements that are essential components for macromolecules

Back 59

major elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron

Front 60

elements that are required in minute amounts

Back 60

trace elements: cobalt, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and manganese

Front 61

organisms that utilize organic carbon

Back 61

heterotrophs

Front 62

organisms that utilize iorganic carbon ("fix" from atmosphere to form organic carbon molecules)

Back 62

autotrophs

Front 63

dervice energy from sunlight

Back 63

phototrophs

Front 64

derive energy from chemical compounds

Back 64

chemotrophs

Front 65

organic carbon used by heterotrophs comes from what 3 sources

Back 65

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

Front 66

utulizes sunlight for energy and inorganic carbon

Back 66

photoautotrophs

Front 67

utilize inorganic compounds for energy and carbon source

Back 67

chemolithoautotrophs

Front 68

utilize sunlight for energy and organic carbon sources

Back 68

photoheterotrophs

Front 69

utilize organic carbon for energy and organic carbon for carbon source

Back 69

chemoorganoheterotrophs

Front 70

what two factors make it possible to cultivate organisms in the laboratory

Back 70

environmental and nutritional

Front 71

what are the two classifications of media

Back 71

complex media or chemically defined media

Front 72

cell constituents that must be added to growth environment because bacteria cannot synthesize them

Back 72

growth factors

Front 73

organisms that display a wide variety of factor requirements

Back 73

fastidious organisms

Front 74

3 examples of complex media

Back 74

nutrient broth, blood agar, chocolate agar

Front 75

media that contains a variety of ingredients; no exact chemical formula for ingredients

Back 75

complex media

Front 76

composed of precise amounts of pure chemical

Back 76

chemically defined media

Front 77

is chemically defined media generally used for routine lab cultures?

Back 77

no!!!

Front 78

does chemically defined media introduce experimental variable

Back 78

no!!

Front 79

2 types of specialty culture media used to detect or isolate particular organisms

Back 79

selective media and differential media

Front 80

isolates Neisseria gonorrhoaea

Back 80

Thayer-Martin agar

Front 81

isolates Gram-negative bacteria

Back 81

MacConkey agar

Front 82

inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms; allows only sought after organism to grow

Back 82

selective media

Front 83

contains substance that bacteria change in a recognizable way

Back 83

differential media

Front 84

certian bacteria produce what to break down RBC

Back 84

hemolysin

Front 85

contains pH indicator to identify bacteria that produce acid

Back 85

MacConkey agar

Front 86

requires increased CO2

Back 86

capnophile

Front 87

two ways to achieve higher CO2 concentration

Back 87

candle jar, CO2 incubator

Front 88

requires higher CO2 than capnophile

Back 88

microaerophile

Front 89

microaerophiles are incubuated where and with what

Back 89

in a gastight jar with a chemical packet that generates hydrogen and CO2

Front 90

what happens in a anaerobe jar

Back 90

chemical reaction converts atmospheric oxygen to water

Front 91

what is an agent that reacts with oxygen to eliminate it

Back 91

sodium thioglycolate