Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
get this when exposed to specific pathogens and develop immunity to it recognizes the shape, makes antibodies or uses T cell against it (memory B cells and T cells)
|
natural immunity
|
|
|
get a vaccination for certain pathogens exposed to weakened pathogen and built immunity for it |
artificial immunity
|
|
|
if enough people in a population are immune, then the whole population is protected bc it makes it hard or impossible for the pathogen to spread |
herd immunity |
|
|
B Cells and T cells in action actively making antibodies can get through natural or artificial last long time |
active immunity |
|
|
given immunoglobulins through other sources artificially given antibodies just rapid/ short term |
passive immunity |
|
|
1976, inspired by dairymaid tested on his son by injecting human cowpox in him |
Edward Jenner |
|
|
the transfer of antibodies from donor |
Passive immunotherapy |
|
|
2 sources of passive immunization |
maternal- get it from mom artificial- injected |
|
|
immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of many donors given to immunosuppressed patients |
artificial- Gamma Globulin |
|
|
if someone has HIV or is a baby and can't make these antibodies we give them antibodies artificially what is it called when someone cant make antibodies |
immunosupression |
|
|
very affective type of vaccination types: Live/attenuated (but weakened) killed/ inactivated (not viable)
|
whole cell vaccines |
|
|
takes a little piece of pathogenand exposes immune system to it not as affective as whole cell, but safer |
subunit vaccines |
|
|
cut head off and put it on something else that stimulates an immune response, makes subunit a little more effective |
subunit vaccine- conjugated vaccines |
|
|
take DNA from bacteria that codes for protein of an outer structure and put it in us and we make the bacteria protein (of just the outer structure) and build an immune response |
DNA Vaccines |
|
|
vaccine safety |
not 100% safe but lesser of 2 evils can cause serious neurological issues in FEW people national Superfund for this |
|
|
mycology? |
fungus |
|
|
what is fungus |
eukaryotic harder to treat bc similar to our cells few are pathogenic |
|
|
soil fungus causes Darling's disease found in moist areas (South Central US) prefers chicken feces, cave (bat feces) soil high in nitrogen resp inhalation enveloped by macrophages and use them to move throughout body anemia, flu like symptoms, but most infections do not produce disease |
histoplasma capsulatum |
|
|
most species can not harm humans can be pathogenic though causes zygomycosis- so does other fungi
|
mucor sp. |
|
|
seen in HIV patients/ immunocompromised people small tail/ coil, when gets into small intestine the tail comes out and resides in microvilli microsporidia cramping nausea diarrhea
|
enteroctyozoon Bieneusi |
|
|
can cause halucenations infects grain/ rye Salem Witch Trials ergot's poisioning/ St Anthony's Fire has medical relevance- toxin can be a pain reliever, lower blood pressure |
claviceps pupurea |
|
|
rose picker's disease resides in rose thorns subcutaneous fungal infection usually enters body through plants can be problem with florists midwestern US/ MS valley sore/ lesion at site of rose thorn prick (rare) can spread to lymphatic system and affect other organs- lungs wear gloves.. |
sporothrix schencki |
|
|
grow on decaying vegetation typically enters via the lunngs inhalation opportunistic threat- AIDS leukemia transplant patients grows and colonizes in lungs can be cause by other types of this genus |
aspergillus fumigatus |
|
|
causes coccidioidomycosis southwestern US people who dig- lives in alkaline soils transmits- spores inhaled from dust, colonizes in lungs thick cell wall/ hard to treat amphotericin B treatment- causes sever side affects
|
coccidioides immitis |
|
|
affects skin and internal organs dimorphic- inhaled spores convert to yeasts and multiply in lungs cough and fever, chronic cutaneous, bone, nervous system complications |
blastomyces dermatids |
|
|
flakiness on skin caused by fungus; skin disease superficial mycoses |
pityriasis |
|
|
nodules that form on your hair of hyphae and spores superficial mycoses |
piedra |
|
|
fungus that causes blothciness of pigment f skin causes Tinea versicolor superficial mycoses |
malassezia furfur |
|
|
superficial mycoses nodules form on hair whitish masses or black masses S. america, warmer temps, tropics scalp and pibic areas |
white piedra/ black piedra |
|
|
ringworms, jock itch, athletes foot are all what? dermatomycoses- fungal skin diseases |
cutaneous mycoses |
|
|
fungal infection of scalp hair loss rindworm of scalp favus-crust on scalp cutanoues mycoses |
tinea capitis |
|
|
cutanoues mycoses fungus on face ringworm of bear affects beard and chin of adult males get from animals, small lesions to large growths |
tinea barbae |
|
|
cutanoes mycoses fungal infection of feet red raised lesions around toes and soles of feet fungal infection of feet contagious- shower shoes, don't share socks |
tinea pedis |
|
|
cutanous mycoses fungal infection of body red ringed lesions anywhere on smooth skin not an actual worm |
tinea corpus |
|
|
cutaneous mycoses jock itch ring worm of groin |
tinea crursis |
|
|
cutaneous mycoses ringworm of the hands |
tinea manuum |
|
|
ringworm of the nails fungal infection of the nails distorts nail cutanous mycoses |
tinea unguium |
|
|
cause thrush and yeast infections- white pasty material normal flora- but may overgrow-> infection cutaneous candidiasis- on skin
|
candida albicans |
|
|
Roundworms (11)
|
parasite
|
|
|
roundworm
parasitic filarial nematode central Africa, rare in US vector- mosquito clogs lymph system elephantitis |
Wucheria bancrofti
|
|
|
hook worm, round worm, parasite
causes hookworm curved.... causes flu like symptoms and anemia not common |
necator americanus
|
|
|
round worm
fecal/oral looks like you pooped spaghetti giant round worm do not see in US common in poor countries 10-15% of population affected |
ascaris lumbricoides
|
|
|
roundworm
tail will stick out of skin if pulled fast it can cause a lot of pain- fire worm slowly pull it out each day medical symbol? |
dracunculus medinensis
|
|
|
round worm
the African eyeworm spread by the bite of small flies can see on eye |
Loa Loa
|
|
|
roundworm, parasite
pinworm paretns look for this in children use tape scratching anus- part of life cycle, how it is spread fecal/ oral, worms in poop resides in intestine no vector, only human |
enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
roundworm
carried by black fly- Africa can cause blindness- river blindness cause a little darkness of skin |
onchocerca Vulvulus
|
|
|
round worm
found in water supply intestinal pathogen infects a variety of mammals, birds, and reptiles causes massive GI issues Milwauki AIDS/ HIV patients may have chronic diarrhea most people pass it and are rid of it no affective drugs |
cryptosporidium sp.
|
|
|
"beaver fever"
diplomonad- double cells with 2 nuclei beavers carry it in feces and swim in rivers via water bc river rats and beaver poop in it get it by drinking water in streams explosive, foamy, diarrhea |
giardia lamblia
|
|
|
roundworm
pregnant women shouldn't clean cats bc they carry it in their feces very common hazard to pregnant women with cats, can cause miscarriage some think that depression or bipolar disorder could be caused by this-correlation |
toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
roundworm
very common STD men are commonly asymptomatic (carrier) women show symptoms- discharge untreated can cause cancer or inability to concieve |
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
|
5 features of adaptive immunity
|
specificity, inducability, clonability, self recognition, memory
|
|
|
antibody generators
|
antigens
|
|
|
3 types of antigens
|
exogenous, endogenous, and auto-antigens
|
|
|
5 mechanisms of antibodies/ humoral immunity
|
neutralization, opsonization, oxidation, agglutination, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
|
|
|
pathogen
amebic grows in stagnant water goes in through nose and lodges and grows in brain amebic infections of brain ultimately causes death protist |
naegleria fowler
|
|
|
like a zombie
a misshapen protein that when interact with other proteins it causes them to misshape which changes their function stops normal function of proteins affected locates in brain hard to detect can make another ____ or a non functioning protein BSE or mad cow disease CJD |
prions
|
|
|
caused by parasite
gets in red blood cells undulant fever caused by anopheles-small mosquito only females cause in Africa this is like the flu parts of Africa death rate is high can NOT be transmitted person to person only mosquito shivering- feel like you're cold compared to temp outside bc your body temp is so high sufa drug- itchy pain relievers/ fever reducers prevention- bug nets, bug spray |
malaria/ plasmodium
|
|
|
fungal skin diseases
named for their location (tinea capitis) |
dermatomycoses
(ringworm) |
