Micro Test 2

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Epidemiology

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Science that includes the occurrence, determination distribution and control of disease in the human population

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CDC

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Based in Atlanta GA, Disease prevention, Control spread of disease, promotes health through education.

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WHO

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World Health Organization based in Geneva Switzerland the world version of the CDC

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John Snow

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Cholera epidemic in London first state disease was due to microbe contaminated water

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Miasma

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Florence Nightingale said bad smells cause disease

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Methods of epidemiology

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Identify problem, determine cause, pose prevention correction method, implemention, assessment of procedure

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Resident flora

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The microbes that are normally on the body, aka microflora to keep foreign microbe off the body

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Locations of normal flora

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Skin, mucosa, GI, Reproductive, urinary, respiratory

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Not locations of normal flora

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Dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity, blood, urine, extra cellular fluid.

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Colonization of Normal flora

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Process of acquiring normal flora, Begins before birth.

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Variations of normal flora happen with

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Age, diet, hygiene and health

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Normal flora E. Coli

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Makes vitamins B&K and competes against salmonella and shigella

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Virulence

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The ability of a microbe to overcome body defenses

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Pathogenicity

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The ability to make you sick

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Infective dosage

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The number of microbes needed to make you sick

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Bellow infective dosage

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Shouldn't get you sick, body defenses should kill it

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Above invective dosage

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You are sick. Body defenses are overwhelmed.

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Enzymes

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Are effected by heat, disrupt metabolism

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Capsules and slime

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Prevent phagocytosis and dehydration

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Pili and fimbriae

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Used for attachment

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Opportunistic pathogen

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Attacks when body is compromised, most common cause of disease

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Things that make you immunologically compromised

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Age old young, diet, other illness medical procedures

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Basic entry

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Entry, adherence, invasion, multiplication, disruption...enter aim destroy

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Portals of entry

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Inhalation: airborne droplets, pneumonic, infects

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Vehicle

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Ingestion, infects intestines, survives stomach acid

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Contact

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Touching, STD's, vomit

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Indirect

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Touching an object that has come into contact with someone who's was infected

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Injections

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Body fluids or sloughed off cells, infects liver spleen and blood, spread by blood sucking insects

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Sexually transmitted diseases

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Affect urogenital tract or placenta, contracted by contact

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Adhesion

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The ability of a microbe to stick to the body and not get flushed out

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Methods of adhesion

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Fimbriae, flagella, capsule, receptors

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Tissue affinity

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Ability of a microbe to attack certain cells and not others

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Small infective dosage

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High virulence - only needs small amount to infect

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High infective dosage

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Low virulence - takes many to infect

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Lethal dosage

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The number of microbes needed to kill 50% of test animals

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Communicability

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How well the microbe is able to transfer from host to host

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Communicable disease

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Any disease that spreads from one host to another either directly or indirectly chickenpox TB

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Contagious disease

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Disease that are easily spread, plague, cholera, pneumonic plague

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Noncommunicable disease

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Not read from host to host only occasionally cause disease, enters through cut or broken mucosa

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Disease can escape through:

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Droplets, blood, urine, feces, sputum

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Incubation

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Exposure to the disease and you do not show symptoms

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Prodromium

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When you have vague symptoms

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Invasions

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When you have the most serious symptoms

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Convalescent period

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Symptoms are going away and you feel better

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Symptom

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Change in the body that cannot be measured is very subjective

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Local infection

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One area of the body

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Systemic infection

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Infection that infects whole system of body (respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic)

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Focal infection

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Local infection that spreads to the whole body

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Mixed infection

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Two different diseases attacking you simultaneously

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Septicemia

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Pathogenic microbes dead cells and toxins in the blood

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Bacteremia

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Bacteria in the blood

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Toxemia

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Toxins in the blood

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Viremia

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Viruses in the blood

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Acute infection

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Hits body fast and hard

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Latent disease

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Causative agent is inactive

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Chain of transmission

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Specific. Method of how a disease is spread

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Case reporting

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Procedure that requires healthcare workers to report specific diseases like aids gonorrhea and typhoid

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Prevalence

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The number of cases of a disease in a given population at a certain time regardless of when it first appeared takes into account old and new cases

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Incident number

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The number of new cases of disease

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Morbidity

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The incidence of specific notifiable diseases, reflects the general health of the group

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Mortality rate

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The numbers of deaths caused by the disease

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Herd immunity

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Resistance to disease in a population due to immunity

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Endemic

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Constantly present

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Sporadic

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Occasionally there are more cases

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Outbreak

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More serious than sporadic but less serious than epidemic

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Epidemic

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Sudden outbreak of disease with increased numbers

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Pandemic

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Worldwide epidemic

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Reservoir

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Place where disease or originates

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Animal reservoir

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Zoonoses animals carry the disease

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Nonliving reservoir

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Dirt and water

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Human reservoir

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Disease originates and is transferred by humans

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Vector

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Animal or method that transmits pathogens

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Mechanical vector

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Passive transport, insect feet and feces

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Biological vector

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Active transport, biting or through blood

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Flagellum

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Long extra cellular structure found in some cells

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Atrichous

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Without flagellum

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Monotrichois

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One flagellum

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Amphitrichous

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Two flagellum, one at each end

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Lophotrichous

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Bundle or tuft of flagellum at one end

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Peritrichous

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Flagellum all around the cell everywhere

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Chemotaxis

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The movement of a cell towards a nutrient and away from a toxin

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Phototaxis

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The movement of a cell towards or away from light

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Periplasmic flagella

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Also called Endoflagellum, seen in spirals the flagellum is coiled around the structure of the bacteria in between the cell and the cell wall (how spirochetes get their shape)

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Pilus

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Rigid tube made of pilin which is found in some gram-negative cells and used for sex

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Fimbria

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Short fibers all around the cell used for attachment to other cells (like velcro) to form a thin film. Also helps stick to epithelium. Ex. E. Coli

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Glycocalyx

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Thick dense covering found around some bacteria helps cell stick to things and protects from dehydration and phagocytosis

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Examples of cells that have Glycocalyx

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Streptococcus pneumonia, bacillus anthrax, influenza

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Forms of Glycocalyx

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Slime (loose and unorganized)

Capsule (tight and compact)

S-layer (patchy capsule)

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Prokaryote

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Has no nuclear membrane

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Peptidoglycan

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Thick outermost layer of gram positive

Thin 3rd layer of gram negative

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Gram-positive cell walls

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Think simple, contain techoic and lipotechoic acid, magnesium ribonuclease which binds with crystal violet, very thin periplasmic space

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Penicillin and bacitracin

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Inhibits the formation of Murein that is used to make new cell walls

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Penicillinase

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Enzyme that deactivates penicillin

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Gram-negative cell wall

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Thin and complicated,large periplasmic space

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LPS lipopolysaccharide

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Contains endotoxins that cause fever shock and meningitis and typhoid fever; external of OM

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Internal part of OM

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Lipoprotein's, LP act to anchor the OM to the peptidoglycan layer

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Peptidoglycan layer

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Inner layer of gram-negative cell walls

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Cell membrane

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All cells have a cell membrane that is semi permeable; contains translocase and permease

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Hypotonic

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Solution in which the concentration of solute is inside the cell is lower than outside the cell; it will explode; Plasmolysis

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Hypertonic

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Solution in which the concentration of solute's inside the cell is higher than outside the cell, crenation or shriveling will occur

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Ribosome

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Small structures that make proteins; prokaryotes are different than eukaryote therefore it allows for selective toxicity for antibiotics

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Chlamydia psittaci

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Parrot Fever - Gram negative rod; Bird to human infection; respiratory tract; enters blood liver and spleen;fever, myalgia, severe frontal headache, rales, coma, death

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Chlamydia trachomatis

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NGU - Gram negative rod; can enter blood directly

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Rickettsia quintana

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Trench Fever

Gram negative procaryote - affects WWI and homeless

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Rickettsia

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Cannot survive outside a host cell do not have ATP generating system have very leaky cell membranes are sensitive to antibiotics

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Epidemic typhus

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Rickettsia prowazekii. Transmitted by flying squirrels (lice); skin rash 4 to 7 days stupor delirium, gangrene of the skin genitals and digits