Micro Set 2

Front 1

why do we classify microorganisms

Back 1

Provides lists of characteristics and means for comparison
Used for identification
May be biochemical or microscopic

Front 2

Describes all known species of bacteria
5 volumes
Includes
Bacteria
Ecology
Culture
Isolation methods

Back 2

Bergey's Manuel

Front 3

Procedures used to identify Prokaryotes

Back 3

Used to obtain Genus and species
Specimen collection
Gram Stain
Colony isolation
May take additional 24 hrs
Biochemical analysis
Sensitivity

Front 4

what can Microscopy test show

Back 4

Size
Morphology

Front 5

what tests can show Metabolic capabilities

Back 5

Culture characteristics
Biochemical tests
Commercial methods

Front 6

what is another method of identifying prokaryotes

Back 6

Serology

Front 7

what does Wet mount microscopy show

Back 7

Fungus, protozoan, bacteria

Front 8

what types of staining are done to identify Prokaryotes

Back 8

Gram Stain
Special stains

Front 9

what are some culture characteristics that can be seen

Back 9

Size or shape of colony

Front 10

what is another culture characteristic?

Back 10

Color
▪Serratiamarcescens–Red
▪Psudomonasaeruginosa–Green metallic sheen

Front 11

Culture characteristics
what are three types
Hemolysis

Back 11

Alpha –incomplete, greening
▪Beta –complete, clearing
▪Gamma –no hemolysis, media unchanged

Front 12

what does alpha hemolysis result in

Back 12

incomplete, greening

Front 13

what does beta hemolysis result in

Back 13

complete, clearing

Front 14

what does gamma hemolysis result in

Back 14

no hemolysis, media unchanged

Front 15

what are Biochemical Tests used for

Back 15

Separates related bacteria in distinct species
Catalase for Staph. And Strep.

Front 16

what does Biochemical Tests
CoagulaseTest do

Back 16

differentiates Staphylococcus aureusfrom Coag. Negative Staphylococcus spps.

Front 17

what does Biochemical Tests
Sugar fermentation do?

Back 17

Lactose –Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas
▪Sorbital–E. coli O157:H7

Front 18

what two rapid tests are available now

Back 18

API
RapID

Front 19

what rapid antigen tests are common

Back 19

Rota
Strep A
Legionella
Influenza

Front 20

what is serology used for

Back 20

Studies immune responses in serum

Front 21

what do you use for serology test

Back 21

Uses antiserum
Commercially made antibodies to bacterial or viral antigens

Front 22

how does the Slide agglutination test work

Back 22

Known antiserum added to unknown sample
Look for clumping (Positive result)

Front 23

Nematodes (roundworms

Back 23

Round, tapered at one end
Complete digestive tract
Excretory & nervous systems poorly developed
May go through entire life cycle in one host

Front 24

what are Flatworms

Back 24

flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory & nervous systems

Front 25

Suckers for attachment
•Produce proglottidsw/ male and female reproductive organs
•Farthest from head contain eggs

Back 25

Cestodes(tapeworms)

Front 26

Trematodesor flukes

Back 26

Flattened , leaf shaped
•Nonsegmentedworms with sucking mouthparts

Front 27

Multicellularanimals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
Parasitize host tissues
Mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm
Fertilized eggs go through larval period

Back 27

what are parasitic helminths

Front 28

why is serology important

Back 28

Can differentiate within species
Strains within a species with different antigens
Known as serotypes, serovars, or biovars
Ex. Group A or Group B Streptococcus
May be important for treatment

Front 29

Known antibodies place in plate well with unknown sample
Reaction read by computer
Used for HIV testing

Back 29

ELISA
Enzyme Linked ImmunosorbantAssay

Front 30

Western Blot

Back 30

Proteins of known organisms combined with patient serum
Antibodies in patient serum react with proteins
Colored band produced from reaction (positive)

Front 31

PCR –Polymerase Chain Reaction

Back 31

Traditional
Long
Many steps

Front 32

what test is Fast –within 4 hours
Current method used for
▪MRSA
▪C. difficile
▪VRE
▪Enterovirus

Back 32

Real –Time PCR
PCR –Polymerase Chain Reaction

Front 33

types of eukaryote microbes

Back 33

Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic helminths

Front 34

kingdom fungi

Back 34

100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
macroscopic fungi ( mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi)
microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
Majority are unicellular or colonial, a few have cellular specialization

Front 35

what kingdom fungi Exist in 2 morphologies

Back 35

molds –long filaments called hyphae
yeast –round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
Some exist in either form –dimorphic

Front 36

molds contain what

Back 36

Consist of long filaments
Hyphae
May contain cross walls
Septate

Front 37

what does hyphae have

Back 37

Hyphaegrow by elongation at the tip
Aerial hyphaehave reproductive spores

Front 38

Hyphae grow to form a mass

Back 38

Mycelium

Front 39

yeast

Back 39

Nonfilamentous
Oval or spherical
Capable of facultative anaerobic growth

Front 40

yeast use what type of Cellular division

Back 40

budding

Front 41

what is dimorphic fungi

Back 41

Two forms of growth
Characteristic of pathogenic fungi
Temperature dependant
37°C –yeast form
25°C –mold form
May change with CO2concentration

Front 42

All are heterotrophic
Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead plants & animals
Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other organisms; mycoses–fungal infections
Growth temperature 20o-40oC
Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats

Back 42

what type of nutrition does fungus have

Front 43

what are roles of fungi

Back 43

Decomposers of dead plants and animals
Sources of antibiotics
Used in making foods & in genetic studies
Adverse impact –food spoilage, mycoses, toxin production

Front 44

how does fungus reproduce

Back 44

Primarily through spores formed on special reproductive aerial hyphae
New organism grows from parent spore
Sexual or asexual
Asexual –from one organism and identical to parent
Sexual –fusion of nuclei from mating strains
▪Genetic characteristics of both
Asexual spores produced more often

Front 45

what is fungus Asexual reproduction

Back 45

spores are formed through budding
▪Conidia –not contained in a sac
▪Sporangiospores–contained in a sac

Front 46

what is fungus Sexual reproduction

Back 46

spores are formed following fusion of nuclei from male & female strains
▪Formation of sexual structure

Front 47

fungus

Back 47

Asexual spores are one basis for classification

Front 48

types of spores

Back 48

Zygomycota
2.Ascomycota
3.Basidiomycota
4.Deuteromycota –no sexual spores

Front 49

Zygomycota

Back 49

Ex. Common Black Bread Mold
Common food contaminant

Front 50

types of mycosis
categories
Determined by:
Degree of tissue involvement
Mode of entry

Back 50

Systemic
Subcutaneous
Cutaneous
Superficial
Opportunistic

Front 51

Means “first animal”
Animal like nutritional needs
Must reproduce
Parasitic species must get from one host to another

Back 51

protozoa

Front 52

All are heterotrophic
Most are free-living
Moist habitat & soil
Feed by engulfing other microbes & organic matter
Some are animal parasites & can be spread by insect vectors
Asexual and sexual reproduction

Back 52

protozoa

Front 53

structures for locomotion
Flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

Back 53

protozoa

Front 54

65,000 species
Most are unicellular, colonies are rare
Vary in shape
Lack a cell wall & chloroplasts

Back 54

protozoa

Front 55

forms of protozoa

Back 55

Can exist in two forms
Trophozoite-motile feeding stage
Cyst –a dormant resistant stage

Front 56

Asexually reproduce by:
Budding
Fission
Schizogony–multiple nuclear divisions
Few reproduce sexually
Paramecium spp

Back 56

lifecycle of protozoa how they reproduce

Front 57

Encystment
Protective capsule during adverse conditions -cyst
Allows survival outside of host
Important in species that must switch hosts
Oocysts–Reproductive structure where new cells produced asexually

Back 57

what happens when protozoa in adverse conditions

Front 58

what is the Trophozoite stage of protozoa

Back 58

Feeding and growing stage
Feed on bacteria and small particle nutrients
Digestion through membrane enclosed vacuoles

Front 59

Mastigophora–flagellates
Sarcodina–amebas
Ciliophora–ciliates
Apicomplexa–not motile in mature form
Sexual reproduction with use of sporozoites
Male and female sex forms
▪Gametocytes
62

Back 59

locomotion and reproduction of protozoa

Front 60

helminths

Back 60

50 species parasitize humans
Acquired though ingestion of larvae or eggs in food, from soil or water
Some are carried by insect vectors
Afflict billions of humans

Front 61

what is a virus

Back 61

–1930’s got its name
Latin for poison
Contain single type of nucleic acid
Protein coat
Multiply with in cell by using cell
Usually have a very specific host range
79

Front 62

what type of nucleic acid do viruses have

Back 62

DNA orRNA
Never both
Single or double stranded
Linear or circular

Front 63

Vary in size
Most smaller than bacteria
Virion
Complete, fully developed infectious

Back 63

virus

Front 64

Protected by protein coat
Called a capsid
Has protein subunits called capsomeres
▪Can be seen with electron microscope
▪Arrangement characteristic

Back 64

virus

Front 65

Covers capsidin some viruses
May contain lipids and carbohydrates
Sometimes a piece of host cell plasma membrane
May have spikes

Back 65

envelope of virus

Front 66

virus

Back 66

Outer coats may be changed to inhibit antibody response

Front 67

viruses divided into these groups

Back 67

Helical
▪Long rods
Polyhedral
▪Many sided
Enveloped
▪Roughly spherical
Complex
▪May have capsidw/ additional structures attached

Front 68

Proteinaceousinfectious particle
Nine animal diseases
Including Mad Cow Disease
All cause spongiform encephalopathies
Abnormal proteins
No nucleic acids

Back 68

prions

Front 69

Short pieces of RNA
No protein coat
Folded 3 dimensional structure
Protection from cellular enzymes
RNA does not code for proteins
Cause plant diseases

Back 69

viroids

Front 70

what is a vaccine

Back 70

preparation of a pathogen or products used to induce immunity

Front 71

what is an attenuated vaccine

Back 71

weakened form of pathogen unable to cause dz
strain replicates in recipient causing undetectable or mild dz leads to immunity
can use human viruses grown in cells of other animals
mutation makes grow poor in humans
genetically manipulated genes to replace wild type

Front 72

what are some advantages of attenuated vaccines

Back 72

single dose sufficient for long term immunity
vaccine strain can be spread from immunized to non immunized causing immunity between contacts

Front 73

what are some disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?

Back 73

potential to cause dz to immunosupress
can revert back to wild type causing dz
care must be taken when given to pregnant women
usually requires refrigeration
bad for 3rd world countries where needed most..ex MMR vaccine

Front 74

what is an inactivated vaccines

Back 74

unable to replicate
dead virus

Front 75

what are some advantages of inactivated vaccines

Back 75

cannot cause infection or revert to wild type

Front 76

what are some disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

Back 76

due to lack of replication magnitude of immune response is limited
usually require several boosters due to low effective dose...ex influenza vaccine

Front 77

what is an example of an inactivated vaccine

Back 77

influenza vaccine

Front 78

what is an example of an attenuated vaccine

Back 78

MMR vaccine

Front 79

what is a toxid vaccine

Back 79

exotoxins chemically modified to a non toxic form but retain their immunologic characteristics ex...Diphtheria and tetanus

Front 80

what are some examples of toxoid vaccines

Back 80

diphtheria and tetanus

Front 81

what is an antibiotic/anti microbial

Back 81

a substance of biological semisynthetic of synthetic origin that shows selective activity against bacteria
usually metabolic by product of soil micro organisms

Front 82

phyotchemicals

Back 82

compounds from plants that have beneficial effects

Front 83

what are some spices that are poorly understood antimicrobials

Back 83

garlic black cumin cloves cinamon thyme allspices mustard bay leaves rosemary

Front 84

what ancient culture used molds to treat infection

Back 84

chinese and greeks

Front 85

who discovered the first antibiotic in 1929

Back 85

penicillin by Alexander Flemming

Front 86

who was credited with modern discovery of antimicrobials

Back 86

joseph lister

Front 87

what did alexander flemming notice on a bacterial culture plate

Back 87

lysing of staphlococcal colonies around a mold but it laid dormant until 1942 then penicillin was avail to public

Front 88

what were some of the early antibiotics that scientist believed were the magic bullet?

Back 88

streptomycin ...chloramphenicol...tetracycline

Front 89

what is the principle of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Back 89

it must be effective against pathogen with little toxic effect against the host...but the reality is all antibiotics have some toxicity to the host

Front 90

what has selective toxicity
kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism three types

Back 90

antimicrobials
antibiotic, narrow spectrum, broad spectrum

Front 91

used to describe an antibacterial derived from microorganism
term is now used for natural and synthetic

Back 91

antibiotic

Front 92

used to fight one type of organism

Back 92

narrow spectrum

Front 93

effective against numerous organisms

Back 93

broad spectrum

Front 94

which antimicrobial is more apt to result in secondary infection

Back 94

broad spectrum

Front 95

what has selective toxicity
kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism

Back 95

antimicrobials

Front 96

used to describe an antibacterial derived from microorganism
term is now used for natural and synthetic

Back 96

antibiotic

Front 97

used to fight one type of organism

Back 97

narrow spectrum antibiotic

Front 98

effective against numerous organisms

Back 98

broad spectrum antibiotic

Front 99

which antimicrobial is more apt to result in secondary infection

Back 99

broad spectrum antibiotic

Front 100

these antibiotics cause damage to lipids of cell membrane...caused by leaking of cell contents can have neurotoxic and nephrotoxic side effects

Back 100

polymyxin
polyene (-zole)

Front 101

these antibiotics cause damage to protein production
affect some portion of transcription or translation
effective against bacteria and fungus

Back 101

tetracycline
aminoglycosides
(-mycin)

Front 102

this antibiotic damages nucleic acid production
inhibits dna or rna production
effective against bacteria fungus or virus
newer forms inhibit reverse transcriptase : zidovudine azidothymidine

Back 102

nalidixic acid
quinolone

Front 103

these antibiotics cause damage to essential metabolites
usually inhibit specific enzymes

Back 103

sulfonamides (-amine, -amide)

Front 104

this antibiotic cause damage to protiens of cell membrane or cell wall
many antimicrobials inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan
selective to bacteria

Back 104

penicillins
cephalosporins

Front 105

treats protozoan malaria

Back 105

quinine

Front 106

treats many protozoal infections

Back 106

metronidazole

Front 107

what antibiotic is about 65% reversible bound to albumin

Back 107

penicillin

Front 108

how are drugs eliminated

Back 108

converted metabolically to another compound in the liver
then excreted
most via kidneys
some in liver and excreted into bile and feces

Front 109

what drug is excreted rapidly via kidneys

Back 109

penicillin
within 90 minutes most in urine
if taken regularly and often
resistance can develop

Front 110

what are some factors that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobials

Back 110

number of microbes
temperature
time of exposure
characteristics of organism

Front 111

what is resistant micro organism

Back 111

a micro organism that will not be inhibited or killed by an antibacterial agent at concentrations of the drug achievable in the body after normal dosage

Front 112

how can resistant micro organisms be classified

Back 112

intrinsic a natrual resistance ..genetic
or aquired...mutation in genes