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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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each species is characterized by a minimum, maximum, and optimum temperature |
cardinal temperatures |
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organisms that only grow below 20C are called |
psychrophiles |
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organisms that adapted to cold habitats that fluctuate from 0C to above 30C are called |
psychrotrophs |
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bacteria that adapted to temperatures between 15C and 45C are known as |
mesophiles |
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Most bacterial residents in the human body as well as numerous human pathogens are |
mesophiles |
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organisms adapted to temperatures above 40C |
thermophiles |
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Thermophiles that will not grow at temperatures below 40C are called |
obligate thermophiles |
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thermophiles that will grow below 40C are called |
facultative thermophiles |
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bacteria isolated from hot ocean floor ridges living between 65C and 110C are called |
extreme thermophiles |
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what does pH stand for |
pondus hydrogenii (hydrogen power or hydrogen potential) |
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pH= |
pH= -log[H+] |
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organisms adapted to grow well in environments below about pH5.5 |
acidophiles |
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organisms that prefer pH levels between 5.5 and 8.5 |
neutrophiles |
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organisms that live above pH 8.5 |
alkaliphiles |
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when pH changes outside an organism's range may destroy necessary membrane potential and damage vital enzymes beyond repair |
denaturing |
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Prokaryotes, like plants, require water to maintain ___, which is internal pressure against the cell wall |
turgor pressure |
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separation from the cell wall |
plasmolysis |
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Many bacteria regulate turgor pressure by transporting in and maintaining a relatively high cytoplasmic potassium or sodium ion concentration, thereby creating a concentration gradient that promotes inward __ of water |
diffusion |
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Irrespective of a cell's efforts to control its internal environment, natural forces will cause water to move htorugh its semipermeable membrane from an area of low __ concentration to an area of high __ concentration. |
solute |
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water moves through a cell membrane from where its concentration is high to where its concentration is low, this process is called __, the force that controls it is called |
osmosis, osmotic pressure |
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a solution having low osmotic pressure |
hyposmotic |
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a solution having high osmotic pressure |
hyperosmotic |
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a solution having osmotic pressure that is equal to that of the cell |
isosmotic |
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grow optimally in NaCl concentration of 3% or higher |
halophiles |
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organisms with specialized cell membranes and enzymes that require salt concentrations from 15% up to about 25% and will not survive where salinity is lower |
extreme halophiles |
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will grow over a wide range of salinities |
osmotolerant |
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UV light is a type of |
electromagnetic energy |
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the distance between adjacent wave crests and is typically measured in nanometers |
wavelength |
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the longest wavelengths, ranging from 315nm to 400 nm |
UV-A |
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wavelengths between 280 and 315 |
UV-B |
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the wavelengths ranging from 100-280nm |
UV-C |
