Micro Lab Quiz 2

Front 1

endospores

define

Back 1

specialized resting cells

Front 2

Genera that form endospores

Back 2

Bacillus

Clostridium

Front 3

spore stain

define

Back 3

differential stain

used to detect endospores

Front 4

spore stain

primary stain

Back 4

malachite green

Front 5

spore stain

secondary stain

Back 5

safranin

Front 6

organism used in the endospore lab

Back 6

Bacillus megaterium

Front 7

acid fast stain

define

Back 7

differential stain

used to detect "acid fast" organisms

Front 8

examples of acid fast organisms

Back 8

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium smegmatis

Front 9

organism used in acid fast lab

Back 9

Mycobacterium smegmatis

Front 10

acid fast stain

primary stain

Back 10

carbolfuchsin

Front 11

acid fast stain

counter stain

Back 11

methylene blue

Front 12

psychrophile

optimum temperatures

Back 12

-5*C - 20*C

refrigeration temperature

Front 13

mesophile

optimum temperatures

Back 13

20*C - 50*C

Front 14

thermophiles

optimum temperatures

Back 14

50*C - 80*C

Front 15

hyperthermophiles

optimum temperaturs

Back 15

above 80*C

Front 16

effects of temperature on growth lab

organisms used

Back 16

Bacillus stearothermophilus

Escherichia coli

Front 17

effects of temperature on growth lab

temperatures used

Back 17

4*C

25*C

37*C

55*C

Front 18

thermal death point

define

Back 18

lowest temperature in which organisms in a liquid suspension are killed in 10 minutes

Front 19

thermal death time

define

Back 19

minimal length of time required to kill a bacterial suspension at a given temperature

Front 20

lethal effects of temperature lab
organisms used

Back 20

Escherichia coli
Bacillus megaterium

Front 21

lethal effects of temperature lab

temperatures used

Back 21

40*C

80*C

100*C

Front 22

lethal effects of temperature lab

times used

Back 22

0 Control

10

20

40

Front 23

P-1000 micropipette

Back 23

.2ml - 1ml

blue tips

Front 24

P-200 micropipette

Back 24

.02ml - .2ml

yellow tips

Front 25

non ionizing short wavelength radiation

Back 25

4 - 400 nm

Front 26

what wavelength is most harmful to bacteria?

why?

Back 26

260nm

it is the site of pyrimidine dimer formation; there are too many dimers and repair mechanism is overwhelmed

Front 27

what are the disadvantages to the use of UV light in hospitals, restaurants, labs

Back 27

not very penetrating

damaging to eyes & skin

Front 28

UV light lab

organisms used

Back 28

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacillus megaterium

Front 29

UV light lab

swab method used

Back 29

three way swab

Front 30

UV light lab

times used for each organism

Back 30

S. epi - 1 min, 5 min, 10 min

B. meg - 1 min, 10 min, 1 hour

Front 31

hypotonic solution

Back 31

solute concentration is LOWER on the external environment

water moves into the cell, causing the cell to burst

Front 32

isotonic solution

Back 32

equilibrium

Front 33

hypertonic solution

Back 33

solute concentration is HIGHER on the external environment

water moves OUT of the cell, causing shrinkage/plasmolysis

Front 34

halophile

Back 34

organism that thrives in environments with very high concentrations of salt

Front 35

halotolerance

Back 35

adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity

Front 36

osmophile

Back 36

an organism with an affinity for solutions of high osmotic pressure

Front 37

pH

Back 37

the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration

Front 38

acidophiles

optimum pH

Back 38

0 - 5.5

Front 39

basophiles

optimum pH

Back 39

8.5 - 11.5

Front 40

neutrophiles

optimum pH

Back 40

6.5 - 7.5

Front 41

pH lab

organisms used

Back 41

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Saccharomyces cerevisieae

Front 42

pH lab

method used

Back 42

inoculate one broth tube

Front 43

pH lab

pHs used

Back 43

4.5

7

11

Front 44

pH lab

type of broth used for Staphylococcus epidermidis

Back 44

nutrient broth

Front 45

pH lab

type of broth used for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Back 45

nutrient broth + glucose

Front 46

osmolarity lab

organisms used

Back 46

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Halobacterium salinarium

Front 47

osmolarity lab

%s NaCl used

Back 47

.5%

7.5%

15%

25%

Front 48

examples of toxic by-products of oxygen metabolism

Back 48

superoxide radicals

singlet oxgen

peroxides

Front 49

examples of enzymes that get rid of toxic oxygen by-products

Back 49

superoxide dismutases

catalases

peroxidases

Front 50

classifications of organisms based on effect of oxygen on growth

Back 50

obligate anaerobes
obligate aerobes
facultative anaerobes
aerotolerant anaerobes
microaerophiles

Front 51

oxygen tolerance lab

organisms used

Back 51

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Clostridium sporogenes

Enterococcus faecium

Front 52

oxygen tolerance lab

method

Back 52

inoculate FTM tubes (stab with needle)

incubate with lids lose at 37*C

Front 53

oxygen tolerance lab

medium used

Back 53

fluid thioglycollate medium

Front 54

oxygen indicator in fluid thioglycollate medium

Back 54

resazurin

Front 55

growth of anaerobes - bio bag

function of palladium

Back 55

catalist

Front 56

growth of anaerobes - bio bag

indicator

Back 56

resazurin

Front 57

bacterial growth

define

Back 57

increase of number of cells

Front 58

bacterial division

Back 58

binary fission

budding

Front 59

generation time

define

Back 59

time required for the cell to divide and double its population

Front 60

generation time

for E. coli

Back 60

20 minutes

Front 61

generation time

for Mycobacterium leprae

Back 61

16 days

Front 62

lag phase

Back 62

number of cells does not change much, period of little cell division

period of bacterial adaptation

Front 63

log phase

Back 63

cellular reproduction is most active

period of exponential growth

Front 64

stationary phase

Back 64

growth rate slows, number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells

phase of equilibrium

Front 65

death phase

Back 65

number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells

Front 66

measurement of microbial growth

direct methods

Back 66

direct microscopes count
filtration
most probable number
plate count (only live cells are counted)

Front 67

measurement of microbial growth

indirect methods

Back 67

turbidity

metabolic activity

dry weight

Front 68

serial dilutions

purpose

Back 68

to dilute original inoculum to be able to get a countable number of organisms (30-300)

Front 69

serial dilutions

advantages

Back 69

measures number of viable cells only

Front 70

serial dilutions

disadvantages

Back 70

takes 24 hours or more for results to be read

Front 71

The waxy outer layer found in acid-fast organisms is composed of

Back 71

glycolic acid

Front 72

what method was used to stain the endospores

Back 72

Shaeffer-Fulton

Front 73

example of a mesophile

Back 73

E. coli

Front 74

example of a thermophile

Back 74

B. stearothermophilus

Front 75

effect of temperature on growth

which organism was more heat resistant?

Back 75

B. stearothermophilus

because of its endospores

Front 76

what is the structure formed in DNA by UV exposure?

Back 76

pyrimidine dimer formation

Front 77

UV lab

which genera tested was the most resistant to UV exposure?

Back 77

Bacillus megaterium

Front 78

what is one method by which bacteria can repair DNA damage caused by UV radiation?

Back 78

non ionizing radiation

Front 79

100-900 nm

Back 79

non ionizing radiation

Front 80

facultative anaerobe

Back 80

an organism which can grow without oxygen, but which grows better in the presence of oxygen

Front 81

microaerophilic

Back 81

requires oxygen for growth, but is killed by high concentrations of oxygen

Front 82

catalse

Back 82

an enzyme which detoxifies hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas

Front 83

cytochrome c

Back 83

an oxidizing agent

Front 84

pH =

Back 84

-log [H+]

Front 85

pH lab

S. epi and S. cervisiae are both..

Back 85

neutrophiles

Front 86

an organism which prefers to grow at a low pH is called an

Back 86

acidophile

Front 87

what is the normal range of pHs within which most bacteria grow?

Back 87

5 - 9

Front 88

pH lab

which organism would be expected to grow best at pH 5.0? why?

Back 88

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

it is an acidophile

Front 89

osmolarity lab

Halobacterium is a..

Back 89

halophile

Front 90

osmolarity lab

E. coli is a..

Back 90

halotolerant

Front 91

osmolarity lab

S. epi is a..

Back 91

halotolerant

Front 92

halophile

Back 92

organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt

Front 93

an organism which requires high solute concentration is an..

Back 93

osmophile

Front 94

does Staphylococcus aureus require high solute concentration for growth?

Back 94

no; it is halotolerant

Front 95

5. In which direction will water move across the cell membrane of a bacterial cell placed into distilled water?

Back 95

into the cell

Front 96

how do you determine which plate will give you the most accurate count?

Back 96

the most accurate plate is the one with 30-300 organisms

Front 97

is viable cell number an indirect or direct counting method?

Back 97

direct

Front 98

the spectrophotometer measures what? of a sample to determine the amount of bacteria present

Back 98

turbidity

Front 99

what chamber is used for direct microscopic counts?

Back 99

Peteroff-Hauser