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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ionic bond |
Electrons gained or lost |
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Covalent bonds |
Shared electrons |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Weak attractions between pokar/charged molecules Polar H is traced to electronegative atom of another molecule. |
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Anion |
Negative charge |
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Polar covalent molecules |
Hydrophilic Interact with water, sometimes ions |
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Hydrophobic |
Non-porous covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds |
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Neural pH |
7 |
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Acidic salt |
Proton (H+) donor Decreases pH |
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Acids |
pH 0-6.9 Damage proteins Controls microbes |
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Bases, alkali salts |
Proton acceptor Increase in pH |
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Bases |
pH 7.1-14 Extremes damage proteins |
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Buffers |
Both proton donor and acceptor Maintain set pH & homeostasis in cells/organisms |
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Organic molecules |
Carbon chains/rings always bonded to hydrogens and sometimes to functional groups. |
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Functional groups |
Hydroxyl Carboxyl Amino Carbonyl Phosphate Sulfhydryl Methyl |
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What are functional groups |
Hot spots on any HC chain or ring Cluster of atoms replacing a H |
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Hydroxyl |
-OH Polar Alcohols, monosaccharides, amino acids |
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Carboxyl |
-COOH Ionizing, proton donor, acidic -COO- associated with carboxylic acids |
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Amino |
-NH2 Ionizing, proton acceptor Basic -NH3 associated with amines, amino acids & nucleic acids |
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Carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) |
-CHO/-CO Polar Associated w/monosaccharides & carbohydrates |
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Phosphate |
-H2PO4 Ionizing, proton donor Acidic -PO4- associated with phospholipids & nucleotides (ATP) |
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Sulfhydryl |
-SH Non-polar Some amino acids & disulfide bonds in proteins |
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Methyl |
-CHO Non-polar Hydrocarbons (lipids & Non-polar solvents) |
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Biological macromolecule characteristics |
Repeating units- large or small w/ specific functional groups, which determine polarity and solubility Covalent bonds & potential energy Size, structure (folding) & stability Sensitivity to heat, acids, bases, radiation, heavy metals, oxidizing agents Proteins easily denatured Structure related to function |
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Dehydration synthesis |
Polymers/Oligomers from Monomers Functional groups interact, create new bonds Expel H2O Requires energy & catalytic enzyme Water released |
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Hydrolysis |
Breaks down polymers to oligomers to monomers Covalent bonds b/w monomers are broken Requires water & a catalyst Energy released |
