Micro T.1 Ch.1-3,6

Front 1

______ is a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall. Could also be called a sugarcoat.

Back 1

Glycocalyx.

Front 2

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

Back 2

Slime layer. Capsule.

Front 3

_____ is one of the two types of glycocalyx. A less organized layer that is only loosely attached to the cell wall and can be more easily washed off.

Back 3

Slime layer.

Front 4

___ is one of the two types of glycocalyx. An organized layer located outside of the cell wall and usually composed of polysaccharides or proteins.

Back 4

Capsule.

Front 5

____ is a whip like appendage composed of threads of proteins called flagellin. It is composed of a basal body, hook, and filament.

Back 5

Flagella.

Front 6

Flagella is used by cells to _______.

Back 6

Move in aqueous environments.

Front 7

The ____ are stiff and spiral and are composed of flagellin protein subunits that extend outward from the cell and spin in solution.

Back 7

Filaments.

Front 8

The ___ is the motor for the flagellum, it is embedded in the plasma membrane.

Back 8

Basal body.

Front 9

The ____ region connects the basal body to the filament on the flagella.

Back 9

Hook.

Front 10

What are the four types of flagella?

Back 10

Monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous.

Front 11

The ____ flagella is made up of a single polar flagella.

Back 11

Monotrichous.

Front 12

The ___ flagella is made up of one or more flagella at both ends.

Back 12

Amphitrichous.

Front 13

The ___ flagella are made up of a tuft of flagella at one end.

Back 13

Lophotrichous.

Front 14

The ___ flagella are over the entire surface of the cell.

Back 14

Peritrichous.

Front 15

What are the three types of movement produced by the flagella?

Back 15

Runs, tumbles, and rotate.

Front 16

The flagella rotate ____ to produce a run.

Back 16

Counterclockwise.

Front 17

The flagella rotate ___ to produce a tumble.

Back 17

Clockwise.

Front 18

____ are hair like extensions that are longer and less numerous, they are proteins appendages the aid an attachment to surfaces.

Back 18

Pili.

Front 19

______ pili are important in the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells.

Back 19

Conjugation.

Front 20

______ are the shorter hair like extensions, they are bristle like proteins projecting from the cell surface by the hundreds. They enable a cell to attach to surfaces and other cells.

Back 20

Fimbriae.

Front 21

The primary function of the cell wall is to…

Back 21

Protects the cell from harsh conditions in the outside environment.

Front 22

_______ is only found in bacteria, resembles a layer of mesh or fabric, is composed of polymers and alternating NAM & NAG, and it provides a cell wall with tensile strength in two dimensions.

Back 22

Peptidoglycan.

Front 23

_______ bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan. 90% of the cell wall is a PTG network.

Back 23

Gram +

Front 24

_______ bacteria have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan.

Back 24

Gram -

Front 25

_____ bacteria are gram-positive bacteria that have a cell wall that is 60% lipid/mycolic acid, usually stays positive with gram reaction.

Back 25

Acid fast.

Front 26

______ bacteria also have like glycerol-sugar compound called Teichoic acid which helps anchor Wall to cell membrane

Back 26

Gram +

Front 27

Which stain is used for acid fast bacteria?

Back 27

The acid fast staining protocol is used for acid fast bacteria. It detects the presence of cell walls that are rich in mycolic acid. Acid fast cells are stained red by carbolfusion.

Front 28

Which bacteria have cell walls with mycolic acid?

Back 28

Acid fast bacteria. (Gram +)

Front 29

At what rate do acid fast bacteria grow and why?

Back 29

They grow slowly because it is difficult for nutrients to make it through the lipid wall.

Front 30

How much PTG do Gram negative bacteria have?

Back 30

Only up to 20% PTG.

Front 31

The _____ is found only with and Graham negative bacteria and it sits between the inner membrane and outer membrane.

Back 31

Periplasmic space.

Front 32

____ are small cell wall channels.

Back 32

Porins.

Front 33

______ is found in Gram negative bacteria, it is a phospholipid bilayer with sugars. Many of the sugars act as antigens to allow us to differentiate strains of bacteria. Lipid A is in this layer and plays an important role in Endo toxic shock.

Back 33

Lipopolysaccharide.

Front 34

What type of bacteria is being described?:

Structurally simple, contains thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.

Back 34

Gram +

Front 35

What type of bacteria is being described?:

Structurally simple, contains thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.

Back 35

Gram +

Front 36

What bacteria is being described?: structurally more complex, contains three layers- innermembrane, then layer of peptidoglycan, and outer membrane containing lippopolysaccharide.

Back 36

Gram -

Front 37

Which bacterial genus do not have a cell wall?

Back 37

Mycoplasma spp.

Front 38

___ means “no cell walls”

Back 38

Pleomorphic.

Front 39

A form of pneumonia called “walking pneumonia” or “atypical pneumonia” is caused by this type of bacterial genus.

Back 39

Mycoplasma spp.

Front 40

____ and related antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls.

Back 40

Penicillin.

Front 41

Which antibiotics can destroy peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall?

Back 41

Penicillin.

Front 42

Would it be easier for an antibiotic to reach the PTG of a gram-positive bacteria or a Gram-negative bacteria?

Back 42

Gram negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics because they have a largely impermeable cell wall.

Front 43

_____ ____ is composed of embedded proteins, is selectively permeable, and is composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids... hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Back 43

Phospholipid bilayer.

Front 44

Describe selective permeability.

Back 44

Allowing some molecules to enter or leave the cell wall restricting the passage of others.

Front 45

_____ transport is when molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the concentration gradient.

Back 45

Passive.

Front 46

____ and _____ proteins are embedded in the phospholipid by layer and function as a part of transport systems as transmembrane proteins.

Back 46

Integral and peripheral.

Front 47

_____ occurs when cells move molecules across the membrane against concentration gradients, it requires ATP or other forms of energy to move molecules “uphill.”

Back 47

Active transport

Front 48

______is A type of diffusion that utilizes the help of carriers or channels in the membrane to move molecules across the membrane.

Back 48

Facilitated diffusion.

Front 49

______is A type of diffusion that utilizes the help of carriers or channels in the membrane to move molecules across the membrane.

Back 49

Facilitated diffusion.

Front 50

_____ Is the diffusion of water. when the concentration of solute is greater on one side of the membrane water diffuses across the membrane from the side with a lower concentration to the side with a higher concentration until the concentrations on both sides become equal.

Back 50

Osmosis.

Front 51

_____ Is a gel like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth. It is contained within a plasma membrane.

Back 51

Cytoplasm

Front 52

______ is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, Within which various parts organelles and particles of the cell are suspended.

Back 52

Cytosol.

Front 53

______ is where prokaryotic DNA and DNA associated proteins are concentrated… This is a region of the bacterial cell.

Back 53

Nucleiod.

Front 54

_____ Contains the genetic blueprint of the cell. Usually consists of a long, single, super coil, circular DNA molecule. Serves as the control center of the cell, resides in nucleoid.

Back 54

Chromosome.

Front 55

____ is a small, circular molecule of DNA that are part of the chromosome. (extra chromosomal.)

Back 55

Plasmid.

Front 56

Prokaryotic cells store excess nutrients within _____. Various types of _______ store glycogen and starches.

Back 56

Inclusions.

Front 57

Which two genera (bacteria) are capable of forming thick walled spores as a means of survival?

Back 57

Bacillus and Clostridium.

Front 58

____ Are structures that protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable. They allow some bacterial cells to survive long periods without food or water, as well as exposure to chemicals, extreme temperatures, and even radiation.

Back 58

Endospores.

Front 59

Endospores do not absorb Gram stain, only this type of stain…

Back 59

Special endospores stains.

Front 60

____ is the process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores.

Back 60

Sporulation.

Front 61

____ Are prokaryotic ribosomes, found in cytoplasm. They are called this due to their size.

Back 61

70s.

Front 62

What does the “S” stand for in “70S ribosomes”?

Back 62

S stands for the Svedberg unit. (A measure of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge...)

Front 63

_____ Is the internal network that supports transport of intracellular components and helps maintain cell shape.

Back 63

Cytoskeleton.

Front 64

Prokaryotic cell shapes. Coccus = ?

Back 64

Round.

Front 65

Prokaryotic cell shape… Bacillus = ?

Back 65

Rod.

Front 66

Prokaryotic cell shapes... Curved rod = ?

Back 66

Vibrio.

Front 67

Prokaryotic cell shapes... Short rod = ?

Back 67

Coccobacillus.

Front 68

Prokaryotic cell shape... Spiral = ?

Back 68

Spirillum.

Front 69

Prokaryotic cell shape... Long, loose, helical spiral = ?

Back 69

Spirochete.

Front 70

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Coccus = ?

Back 70

Single coccus.

Front 71

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Pair of two cocci = ?

Back 71

Diplococcus.

Front 72

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Grouping of 4 cells arranged in a square = ?

Back 72

Tetrad.

Front 73

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Chain of cocci = ?

Back 73

Streptococcus.

Front 74

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Cluster of cocci = ?

Back 74

Staphylococcus.

Front 75

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Single rod = ?

Back 75

Bacillus.

Front 76

Prokaryotic cell arrangements... Chain of rods = ?

Back 76

Streptobacillus.

Front 77

____ do not easily allow antibiotics to enter in gram - bacteria.

Back 77

Porins.

Front 78

____ has no cell wall. Causes walking pneumonia. Cannot be targeted by antibiotics that attack cell wall.

Back 78

Mycoplasma.

Front 79

The idea that life could appear from nonliving materials was called…?

Back 79

The theory of spontaneous generation.

Front 80

What is a series of steps for determining the causative agent of a particular disease?

Back 80

Koch’s postulates.

Front 81

Which scientist performed an elegant series of experiments that finally and definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

Back 81

Pasteur.

Front 82

_____ refers to a curved rod.

Back 82

Vibrio.

Front 83

When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in saltwater with a higher solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm the cell will undergo what?

Back 83

Plasmolysis.

Front 84

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

Back 84

The nucleoid region.

Front 85

Sporulation generally occurs under what circumstances?

Back 85

When conditions are unfavorable or there are insufficient nutrients.

Front 86

_______ is not a clinically significant, spore forming bacterium.

Back 86

E. coli.

Front 87

True or false, all cells have a cell membrane.

Back 87

True.

Front 88

True or false, the lipopolysaccharide molecule is an important component of the cell membranes of Gram negative bacteria.

Back 88

True.

Front 89

Capsules and slime layers are examples of which type of structure?

Back 89

Glycocalyces.

Front 90

Bacteria use flagella to move purposely toward or away from a chemical by…

Back 90

Increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles.

Front 91

True or false, organelle ribosomes in prokaryotic ribosomes are 70 S, whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80 S.

Back 91

True.

Front 92

How large are viruses?

Back 92

20 nanometers - 900 nanometers.

Front 93

True or false, viruses are cellular.

Back 93

False, viruses are acellular which means they have no cells.

Front 94

True or false, viruses have both DNA and RNA.

Back 94

False. They only have one or the other. They either have DNA or RNA not both.

Front 95

Do viruses have the following life characteristics: Growth, metabolism, reproduction, and responsiveness?

Back 95

No they have none of these on their own. They hijack host cells and use them to gain these things.

Front 96

What type of virus uses a bacterial cell as its host?

Back 96

Bacteriophage.

Front 97

What type of virus uses a plant as its host?

Back 97

Plant virus.

Front 98

What type of virus uses an animal as its host?

Back 98

Animal virus.

Front 99

What is meant by having a host range?

Back 99

It means that viruses select only specific hosts and only specific cell types within those hosts.

Front 100

Who discovered phages and named and created the term bacteriophage?

Back 100

Felix D’Herelle.

Front 101

Why are phages medically important?

Back 101

Because they may be able to destroy bacteria where antibiotics fail.

Front 102

Who developed penicillin?

Back 102

ALEXANDER Fleming.

Front 103

What are the four ways viruses can be transmitted?

Back 103

Direct contact, indirect, contact via fomites, indirect via vectors, and zoonotic.

Front 104

What are the two types of vectors categorized under indirect factors?

Back 104

Mechanical or biological vectors.

Front 105

______ transmission occurs when pathogen is transmitted through physical contact.

Back 105

Mechanical.

Front 106

_____ Transmission occurs when pathogen is transmitted to new host through biting.

Back 106

Biological.

Front 107

____ is to physical contact, as ___ is to biting.

Back 107

Mechanical; Biological.

Front 108

________ transmission can be caused by viruses that can be transmitted from an animal host to a human host.

Back 108

Zoonotic.

Front 109

______ are in animate items, like door knobs, toys, towels, which may harbor microbes and aid and disease transmission.

Back 109

Fomites.

Front 110

_____ is the protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, it encloses genetic material, and is made of proteins subunits called capsomeres.

Back 110

Capsid.

Front 111

______ is the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism.

Back 111

Genome.

Front 112

Capsid + nucleic acid = _______

Back 112

Nucelocapsid.

Front 113

_______ is composed of phospholipid by layer in proteins, is acquired from the host cell during viral replication or release.

Back 113

Envelope.

Front 114

__________ are viruses formed with a nucleic acid packed capsid surrounded by a lipid layer.

Back 114

Envelope viruses.

Front 115

___________ or ______ viruses are formed from only a nucleic acid and capsule, no phospholipid by layer.

Back 115

Naked; nonenveloped.

Front 116

_______ are protein structures extending out and away from the capsid on the home naked virus and envelope viruses.

Back 116

Spikes.

Front 117

_______ are protein structures extending out and away from the capsid on the home naked virus and envelope viruses.

Back 117

Spikes.

Front 118

Spikes are made up of ___.

Back 118

Glycoproteins.

Front 119

_______ are protein structures extending out and away from the capsid on the home naked virus and envelope viruses.

Back 119

Spikes.

Front 120

Spikes are made up of ___.

Back 120

Glycoproteins.

Front 121

______ are viral particles in an extra cellular state.

Back 121

Virions.

Front 122

Segments of DNA or RNA are…

Back 122

Just short pieces of RNA.

Front 123

______ is the study of the forms of things.

Back 123

Morphology

Front 124

What are the various shapes of viruses?

Back 124

Helical, polyhedral, icosahedral, & complex.

Front 125

What do helical viruses look like?

Back 125

The caps it is cylindrical or rod shaped, with the genome sitting just inside the length of the capsid.

Front 126

What does the icosahedral capsid look like?

Back 126

It is a 3-D, 20 sided structure with 12 vertices or angular points.

Front 127

What does a complex capsid look like?

Back 127

The genome is located within the polyhedral head and the sheath connects the head to the tail fibers and tail pins that help the virus attached to receptors on the host cells surface.

Front 128

Envelope viruses are surrounded by what? Hint, their capsid is surrounded by what?

Back 128

They are surrounded by a lipid layer. The viral envelope is a small portion of the phospholipid membrane obtained as the viral buds from the host cell the viral envelope may either be intracellular or cytoplasmic and origin.

Front 129

Viruses can only be seen from these types of microscopes.

Back 129

Electron microscope.

Front 130

What are the steps of the lytic cycle?

Back 130

Attachment, entry, biosynthesis, assembly/maturation, and release.

Front 131

In The _____ Phase of the lytic cycle the phage attaches to the surface of the cell.

Back 131

Attachment.

Front 132

In the ____ Step of the lytic cycle, the viral DNA enters the hotel.

Back 132

Penetration

Front 133

In the ____ Step of the lytic cycle, the viral DNA enters the cell.

Back 133

Penetration/entry.

Front 134

In this step of the lytic cycle the phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made.

Back 134

Biosynthesis

Front 135

In this steps of the lytic cycle the new phage particles are assembled.

Back 135

Maturation/assembly.

Front 136

During this step in the lytic cycle the cell lysis, releasing the newly made phages.

Back 136

Lysis.

Front 137

What happens to the host cell at the end of the lytic cycle?

Back 137

The cell lysis, it is destroyed or dies.

Front 138

_______ phage = leads to the death of the cell host through cell lysis.

Back 138

Virulent.

Front 139

___ is when a bacteriophage genome integrates into an replicates along with the host genome.

Back 139

Prophage.

Front 140

_____ is the excision of the viral genome from the host chromosome.

Back 140

Induction.

Front 141

______ conversion is when Viral nucleic acid, DNA, combines with bacterial chromosome, it mutates the bacterial cell and imparts new characteristics to the bacteria.

Back 141

Lysogenic.

Front 142

______ conversion is when Viral nucleic acid, DNA, combines with bacterial chromosome, it mutates the bacterial cell and imparts new characteristics to the bacteria.

Back 142

Lysogenic.

Front 143

_____ phage- A phage that is latent or an active within the host cell.

Back 143

Temperate.

Front 144

_______ Is when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infection. There are two types, generalized and specialized.

Back 144

Transduction.

Front 145

_______ Is when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infection. There are two types, generalized and specialized.

Back 145

Transduction.

Front 146

What are the two types of transduction?

Back 146

Generalized and specialized.

Front 147

_______ Is when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infection. There are two types, generalized and specialized.

Back 147

Transduction.

Front 148

What are the two types of transduction?

Back 148

Generalized and specialized.

Front 149

______ transduction Occurs when a random piece of bacterial chromosome DNA is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle.

Back 149

Generalized.

Front 150

_______ Is when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential infection. There are two types, generalized and specialized.

Back 150

Transduction.

Front 151

What are the two types of transduction?

Back 151

Generalized and specialized.

Front 152

______ transduction Occurs when a random piece of bacterial chromosome DNA is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle.

Back 152

Generalized.

Front 153

_________ transduction occurs at the end of the lysogenic cycle, when the prophage is excised and bacteriophage enters the lytic cycle.

Back 153

Specialized.

Front 154

What are the ways that viruses replicate in humans: how do they attach to host cells?

Back 154

Attachment or entry occurs three different ways…

1. they inject genomes, needle and syringe style.

2. endocytosis, engulfment by host.

3. membrane fusion, when the envelope of the virus fuses with the envelope of the host cell.

Front 155

_____ Are structures made up of glycoproteins that help viruses attach to host cells.

Back 155

Spikes.

Front 156

_______ is one of the steps involved in virus replicating in human cells. This is when the viral contents are released. It is a process where upon the viral capsid is removed in order to release the viral nucleic acid into the host.

Back 156

Uncoating.

Front 157

_______ is one of the steps involved in virus replicating in human cells. This is when the viral contents are released. It is a process where upon the viral capsid is removed in order to release the viral nucleic acid into the host.

Back 157

Uncoating.

Front 158

________ it is one of the steps in viruses replicating in humans. This is the synthesis of necessary proteins for viral replication.

Back 158

Synthesis.

Front 159

_______ is one of the steps in viruses replicating in humans, and involves when new viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid.

Back 159

Release.

Front 160

_______ Is one of the steps in viruses replicating in human cells, it involves new phage particles being assembled.

Back 160

Assembly.

Front 161

_______ is the integrated viral genome (when viruses replicate in human cells).

Back 161

Provirus.

Front 162

What is pathogenicity?

Back 162

The ability to cause disease.

Front 163

What is pathogenicity?

Back 163

The ability to cause disease.

Front 164

________ occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host, but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. There are two types.

Back 164

Persistent infection.

Front 165

What is pathogenicity?

Back 165

The ability to cause disease.

Front 166

________ occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host, but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. There are two types.

Back 166

Persistent infection.

Front 167

What are the two types of persistent infection?

Back 167

Latent and chronic.

Front 168

What is pathogenicity?

Back 168

The ability to cause disease.

Front 169

________ occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host, but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. There are two types.

Back 169

Persistent infection.

Front 170

What are the two types of persistent infection?

Back 170

Latent and chronic.

Front 171

What are some examples of latent persistent infection?

Back 171

Herpes Symplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Chickenpox/shingles.

Front 172

What is pathogenicity?

Back 172

The ability to cause disease.

Front 173

________ occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host, but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. There are two types.

Back 173

Persistent infection.

Front 174

What are the two types of persistent infection?

Back 174

Latent and chronic.

Front 175

What are some examples of latent persistent infection?

Back 175

Herpes Symplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Chickenpox/shingles.

Front 176

______ viruses are viruses that cause developmental defects if it crosses the placenta during pregnancy.

Back 176

Teratogenic.

Front 177

What is pathogenicity?

Back 177

The ability to cause disease.

Front 178

________ occurs when a virus is not completely cleared from the system of the host, but stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person. There are two types.

Back 178

Persistent infection.

Front 179

What are the two types of persistent infection?

Back 179

Latent and chronic.

Front 180

What are some examples of latent persistent infection?

Back 180

Herpes Symplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Chickenpox/shingles.

Front 181

______ viruses are viruses that cause developmental defects if it crosses the placenta during pregnancy.

Back 181

Teratogenic.

Front 182

_____ Viruses are cancer-causing, and are responsible for at least 14 HPV types and are known to have association with cervical cancer’s.

Back 182

Oncogenic.

Front 183

What are the two ways that viruses can be cultured outside of cells? Give examples.

Back 183

1) In vitro. Outside a living organism in cells in an artificial environment, examples: test tube, cell culture flask, or agar plate on a bacteria lawn.

2) In vivo. Within a whole living organism, such as a plant or animal. Example: within chicken eggs.

Front 184

_______ are extremely small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious and pathogenic in plants. They do not have a protein coat, capsid, to protect their genetic information. They do not cause human diseases.

Back 184

Viroid.

Front 185

_________ are infectious protein agents. They cause various forms of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in humans and animals. This affects the brain and nervous system, there is no cure or treatment, it leads to death.

Back 185

Prions.

Front 186

What are the six sub disciplines of microbiology?

Back 186

Bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, parasitology, virology, immunology.

Front 187

Who disprove the spontaneous generation theory?

Back 187

Pasteur.

Front 188

Who disprove the spontaneous generation theory?

Back 188

Pasteur.

Front 189

Who developed the series of steps for determining the causative agent for a particular disease?

Back 189

Koch. Koch’s Postulates.

Front 190

What is a saprophyte?

Back 190

It is a plant, fungus, or micro organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Front 191

What is a saprophyte?

Back 191

It is a plant, fungus, or micro organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Front 192

_____ Is a plant, fungus, or micro organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Back 192

Saprophyte.

Front 193

What is a saprophyte?

Back 193

It is a plant, fungus, or micro organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Front 194

_____ Is a plant, fungus, or micro organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Back 194

Saprophyte.

Front 195

_______ is the use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste product.

Back 195

Bioremediation.

Front 196

_______ is a term coined in the 1500s, the theory was that something was transmitted to cause disease. This was later developed into Germ theory of disease.

Back 196

Contagion.

Front 197

_________ was a body of thought, or way of thinking, that sparked controversy in the late 1700s. It was a theory that living organisms originate from nonliving material.

Back 197

Spontaneous generation.

Front 198

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

Back 198

Pasteur.

Front 199

Who was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes and make simple single lens microscope’s?

Back 199

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 200

Who was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes and make simple single lens microscope’s?

Back 200

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 201

Who was the scientist that demonstrated that fermentation is caused by micro organisms and investigate a different fermentation products? He also discovered that lifeforms can exist without oxygen. He is also called the father of microbiology. Who is this?

Back 201

Pasteur.

Front 202

Who was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes and make simple single lens microscope’s?

Back 202

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 203

Who was the scientist that demonstrated that fermentation is caused by micro organisms and investigate a different fermentation products? He also discovered that lifeforms can exist without oxygen. He is also called the father of microbiology. Who is this?

Back 203

Pasteur.

Front 204

This scientist developed several vaccines such as rabies and anthrax vaccines. Who is this?

Back 204

Pasteur.

Front 205

Who was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes and make simple single lens microscope’s?

Back 205

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 206

Who was the scientist that demonstrated that fermentation is caused by micro organisms and investigate a different fermentation products? He also discovered that lifeforms can exist without oxygen. He is also called the father of microbiology. Who is this?

Back 206

Pasteur.

Front 207

This scientist developed several vaccines such as rabies and anthrax vaccines. Who is this?

Back 207

Pasteur.

Front 208

This German physician contributed to the germ theory of disease. He also identify the specific microbes that cause anthrax, Cholera, and tuberculosis. He also developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria, methods to cultivate bacteria, and developed a series of steps for determining the causative agent for a particular disease. Who is this?

Back 208

Koch.

Front 209

_______ is the classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms.

Back 209

Taxonomy

Front 210

_________ Develop this new way to categories plants and animals, called taxonomy.

Back 210

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 211

_________ Develop this new way to categories plants and animals, called taxonomy.

Back 211

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 212

_______ wrote the “general morphology of organisms”, proposing 4 kingdoms.

Back 212

Ernst Haeckel.

Front 213

_________ Develop this new way to categories plants and animals, called taxonomy.

Back 213

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 214

_______ wrote the “general morphology of organisms”, proposing 4 kingdoms.

Back 214

Ernst Haeckel.

Front 215

_______ proposed adding a fifth kingdom called “fungi” to the tree of life.

Back 215

Whittaker.

Front 216

_________ Develop this new way to categories plants and animals, called taxonomy.

Back 216

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 217

_______ wrote the “general morphology of organisms”, proposing 4 kingdoms.

Back 217

Ernst Haeckel.

Front 218

_______ proposed adding a fifth kingdom called “fungi” to the tree of life.

Back 218

Whittaker.

Front 219

What is the three domain system of classification based on?

Back 219

It is based on the 16s rRNA structure of the organisms, categorizes all living organisms in the three domains, which are further to categorized into Kingdoms.

Front 220

_________ Developed this new way to categories plants and animals, called taxonomy.

Back 220

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 221

_______ wrote the “general morphology of organisms”, proposing 4 kingdoms.

Back 221

Ernst Haeckel.

Front 222

_______ proposed adding a fifth kingdom called “fungi” to the tree of life.

Back 222

Whittaker.

Front 223

What is the three domain system of classification based on?

Back 223

It is based on the 16s rRNA structure of the organisms, categorizes all living organisms in the three domains, which are further to categorized into Kingdoms.

Front 224

What are the three domains?

Back 224

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya.

Front 225

________ Is prokaryotic, single celled, and found in extreme environments with extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations.

Back 225

Archaea.

Front 226

________ Is prokaryotic, single celled, and found in extreme environments with extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations.

Back 226

Archaea.

Front 227

_______ Is prokaryotic, the most common type in human infection, widely diverse, has no membrane-bound nucleus, and single celled.

Back 227

Bacteria.

Front 228

________ Is prokaryotic, single celled, and found in extreme environments with extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations.

Back 228

Archaea.

Front 229

_______ Is prokaryotic, the most common type in human infection, widely diverse, has no membrane-bound nucleus, and single celled.

Back 229

Bacteria.

Front 230

_______ are organisms that contain membrane-bound nucleus is or a “true nucleus”. Contains internal organelles, are more complex, and may be multicellular or single. Consists of four kingdoms.

Back 230

Eukarya.

Front 231

________ Is prokaryotic, single celled, and found in extreme environments with extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations.

Back 231

Archaea.

Front 232

_______ Is prokaryotic, the most common type in human infection, widely diverse, has no membrane-bound nucleus, and single celled.

Back 232

Bacteria.

Front 233

_______ are organisms that contain membrane-bound nucleus is or a “true nucleus”. Contains internal organelles, are more complex, and may be multicellular or single. Consists of four kingdoms.

Back 233

Eukarya.

Front 234

Protists are divided into what two sub categories?

Back 234

Protozoa and algae.

Front 235

________ Is prokaryotic, single celled, and found in extreme environments with extreme temperatures and high salt concentrations.

Back 235

Archaea.

Front 236

_______ Is prokaryotic, the most common type in human infection, widely diverse, has no membrane-bound nucleus, and single celled.

Back 236

Bacteria.

Front 237

_______ are organisms that contain membrane-bound nucleus is or a “true nucleus”. Contains internal organelles, are more complex, and may be multicellular or single. Consists of four kingdoms.

Back 237

Eukarya.

Front 238

Protists are divided into what two sub categories?

Back 238

Protozoa and algae.

Front 239

Who created the tree of life with three domains above the level of Kingdom?

Back 239

Carl Woese.

Front 240

_________ Is the two word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and species.

Back 240

Binomial nomenclature.

Front 241

In binomial nomenclature this part of the name is always capitalized. What is it?

Back 241

Genus.

Front 242

In binomial nomenclature this part of the name is always the latter, it is not capitalized.

Back 242

Species.

Front 243

_______ are subtypes within a species of micro organism. They are often times identified by the species name and then numbers following that name, to indicate that these are similar to a species of micro organism but they have different attributes.

Back 243

Strains.

Front 244

___________ Is the standard reference for identifying and classifying different prokaryotes. The methods are based on non-visual characteristics.

Back 244

Bergeys manual.

Front 245

Which individual first observed unicellular organisms, which he called animalcules using a microscope he developed?

Back 245

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 246

Which individual first observed unicellular organisms, which he called animalcules using a microscope he developed?

Back 246

Leeuwenhoek.

Front 247

What is the name of the Swedish botanist known for having developed an important biological classification system?

Back 247

Carolus Linnaeus.

Front 248

The Romans may have reduce the risk of waterborne infectious diseases by…

Back 248

Incorporating aqueducts and a sewer system.

Front 249

What is the primary purpose of a phylogeny?

Back 249

PhyloGenies show evolutionary relatedness between organisms.

Front 250

Diatoms are classified within which domain?

Back 250

Eukarya.

Front 251

Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology is used primarily as…

Back 251

A reference for bacterial classification.

Front 252

______ Are unicellular fungi.

Back 252

Yeasts.

Front 253

____ is the product of the ocular magnification times the objective magnification.

Back 253

Total magnification.

Front 254

________ Is the ability of the lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared with the real object.

Back 254

Magnification

Front 255

________ Is the ability of the lens to enlarge the image of an object when compared with the real object.

Back 255

Magnification

Front 256

________ is the ability to tell that to separate points or objects are separate.

Back 256

Resolution

Front 257

Resolution is affected by…

Back 257

Wavelength and numerical aperture

Front 258

_____ Our microscopes that use light to visualize Images. These include Bright Field, dark field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast DIC, florescence, Confocal, or two photon.

Back 258

Light microscopy.

Front 259

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 259

Bright field microscope.

Front 260

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 260

Bright field microscope.

Front 261

____ This is a bright field microscope that has a small but significant modification to the condenser, a small, opaque disc is place between the illuminator and the condenser lens. It blocks most of the light from the illuminator as it passes through the condenser on the way to the objective lens, producing a hollow cone of light that is focused on the specimen. The resulting image typically shows right objects on a dark background.

Back 261

Dark field microscope.

Front 262

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 262

Bright field microscope.

Front 263

____ This is a bright field microscope that has a small but significant modification to the condenser, a small, opaque disc is place between the illuminator and the condenser lens. It blocks most of the light from the illuminator as it passes through the condenser on the way to the objective lens, producing a hollow cone of light that is focused on the specimen. The resulting image typically shows right objects on a dark background.

Back 263

Dark field microscope.

Front 264

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 264

Bright field microscope.

Front 265

____ This is a bright field microscope that has a small but significant modification to the condenser, a small, opaque disc is place between the illuminator and the condenser lens. It blocks most of the light from the illuminator as it passes through the condenser on the way to the objective lens, producing a hollow cone of light that is focused on the specimen. The resulting image typically shows right objects on a dark background.

Back 265

Dark field microscope.

Front 266

_____ This type of microscope uses refraction and interference caused by some structures in a specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining. This is the oldest and simplest type of microscope. It creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen.

Back 266

Phase contrast microscope.

Front 267

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 267

Bright field microscope.

Front 268

____ This is a bright field microscope that has a small but significant modification to the condenser, a small, opaque disc is place between the illuminator and the condenser lens. It blocks most of the light from the illuminator as it passes through the condenser on the way to the objective lens, producing a hollow cone of light that is focused on the specimen. The resulting image typically shows right objects on a dark background.

Back 268

Dark field microscope.

Front 269

_____ This type of microscope uses refraction and interference caused by some structures in a specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining. This is the oldest and simplest type of microscope. It creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen.

Back 269

Phase contrast microscope.

Front 270

____ Microscope is used to observe very small specimen and colorless specimen on a dark background.

Back 270

Dark field microscope.

Front 271

______ this is the most commonly used microscope, a compound microscope with two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

Back 271

Bright field microscope.

Front 272

____ This is a bright field microscope that has a small but significant modification to the condenser, a small, opaque disc is place between the illuminator and the condenser lens. It blocks most of the light from the illuminator as it passes through the condenser on the way to the objective lens, producing a hollow cone of light that is focused on the specimen. The resulting image typically shows right objects on a dark background.

Back 272

Dark field microscope.

Front 273

_____ This type of microscope uses refraction and interference caused by some structures in a specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining. This is the oldest and simplest type of microscope. It creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen.

Back 273

Phase contrast microscope.

Front 274

____ Microscope is used to observe very small specimen and colorless specimen on a dark background.

Back 274

Dark field microscope.

Front 275

______ Microscope has the ability to generate contrast based on how much light gets refracted when traveling through the specimen a very thickness. Life specimen can be visualized through this microscope.

Back 275

Phase contrast microscope.

Front 276

_______ Is the type of microscope where the image appears 3-D. Uses two separate beans instead of a split beam, false color and a 3-D effect result from interactions of light beams and lenses. No staining required. Used to observe internal structures of living microbes.

Back 276

DIC, Differential interference contrast microscope.

Front 277

_______ Is the type of microscope where the image appears 3-D. Uses two separate beans instead of a split beam, false color and a 3-D effect result from interactions of light beams and lenses. No staining required. Used to observe internal structures of living microbes.

Back 277

DIC, Differential interference contrast microscope.

Front 278

_______ Microscope helps visualize brightly colored fluorescent structures against a dark background. Uses ultraviolet light source. Used to localize specific chemicals or structures, used as an accurate and quick diagnostic tool for detection of pathogens.

Back 278

Fluorescence.

Front 279

_____ microscope uses a single plan of structures or cells that have been specifically stained with fluorescent dies. It uses a laser to florescence only one plane of a specimen at a time. Used for detailed observation of structures of cells within communities. It is very useful for examining thick specimens such as biofilms.

Back 279

Con focal microscope.

Front 280

What is the difference between a simple microscope and a compound microscope?

Back 280

A simple microscope uses only one magnifying lens whereas a compound microscope contains more than one magnifying lens.

Front 281

Why is oil immersion used to view specimen with the 100x objective of a compound microscope.

Back 281

At very high magnification, resolution may be compromised when light passes through the small amount of air between the specimen and the lens. The air scatters the light rays before they can be focused by the lens. A drop of oil can be used to fill the space between the specimen and an oil immersion lens. Because the oil has a refractive index very similar to that of glass, it increases the maximum angle at which light leaving a specimen can strike the lens.

Front 282

Why is oil immersion used to view specimen with the 100x objective of a compound microscope.

Back 282

At very high magnification, resolution may be compromised when light passes through the small amount of air between the specimen and the lens. The air scatters the light rays before they can be focused by the lens. A drop of oil can be used to fill the space between the specimen and an oil immersion lens. Because the oil has a refractive index very similar to that of glass, it increases the maximum angle at which light leaving a specimen can strike the lens.

Front 283

Why does oil immersion work?

Back 283

Oil has a refractive index very similar to that of glass. It fills the space where air scatters light rays before they can be focused by the lens.

Front 284

_________ Microscopy develops 3-D images of surface details. It is one of the two basic types of electron microscopy. It forms images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off specimens by a beam of electrons. Can be used to view the surfaces of larger objects to very small samples.

Back 284

Scanning electron microscopy.

Front 285

_________ Microscopy develops 3-D images of surface details. It is one of the two basic types of electron microscopy. It forms images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off specimens by a beam of electrons. Can be used to view the surfaces of larger objects to very small samples.

Back 285

Scanning electron microscopy.

Front 286

________ Microscopic shows inner details. Resolution is one nanometers. Uses an electron beam from above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens and projected through the specimen onto a detector. Electrons pass through and the detector capture the image. Specimens must be extremely thin. It requires that the beam and the specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen is thin and dehydrated.

Back 286

Transmission electron microscopy.

Front 287

_________ Microscopy develops 3-D images of surface details. It is one of the two basic types of electron microscopy. It forms images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off specimens by a beam of electrons. Can be used to view the surfaces of larger objects to very small samples.

Back 287

Scanning electron microscopy.

Front 288

________ Microscopic shows inner details. Resolution is one nanometers. Uses an electron beam from above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens and projected through the specimen onto a detector. Electrons pass through and the detector capture the image. Specimens must be extremely thin. It requires that the beam and the specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen is thin and dehydrated.

Back 288

Transmission electron microscopy.

Front 289

__________ Microscopic and magnify up to 2,000,000x. Uses beams of electrons rather than light rays to view images smaller than one micrometer. Use a short wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution. Sharp images can be magnified up to 100,000x. Cannot be used on living material do the methods required to repair the specimens.

Back 289

Electron microscopy.

Front 290

_________ Microscopy develops 3-D images of surface details. It is one of the two basic types of electron microscopy. It forms images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off specimens by a beam of electrons. Can be used to view the surfaces of larger objects to very small samples.

Back 290

Scanning electron microscopy.

Front 291

________ Microscopic shows inner details. Resolution is one nanometers. Uses an electron beam from above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens and projected through the specimen onto a detector. Electrons pass through and the detector capture the image. Specimens must be extremely thin. It requires that the beam and the specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen is thin and dehydrated.

Back 291

Transmission electron microscopy.

Front 292

__________ Microscopic and magnify up to 2,000,000x. Uses beams of electrons rather than light rays to view images smaller than one micrometer. Use a short wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution. Sharp images can be magnified up to 100,000x. Cannot be used on living material do the methods required to repair the specimens.

Back 292

Electron microscopy.

Front 293

What are the advantages of electron microscopy?

Back 293

The advantages are that you get a much higher resolution, detailed images of surface or interior structures, high magnification, and in the case of the SEM- 3-D images.

Front 294

_________ Microscopy develops 3-D images of surface details. It is one of the two basic types of electron microscopy. It forms images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off specimens by a beam of electrons. Can be used to view the surfaces of larger objects to very small samples.

Back 294

Scanning electron microscopy.

Front 295

________ Microscopic shows inner details. Resolution is one nanometers. Uses an electron beam from above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens and projected through the specimen onto a detector. Electrons pass through and the detector capture the image. Specimens must be extremely thin. It requires that the beam and the specimen be in a vacuum and that the specimen is thin and dehydrated.

Back 295

Transmission electron microscopy.

Front 296

__________ Microscopic and magnify up to 2,000,000x. Uses beams of electrons rather than light rays to view images smaller than one micrometer. Use a short wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution. Sharp images can be magnified up to 100,000x. Cannot be used on living material do the methods required to repair the specimens.

Back 296

Electron microscopy.

Front 297

What are the advantages of electron microscopy?

Back 297

The advantages are that you get a much higher resolution, detailed images of surface or interior structures, high magnification, and in the case of the SEM- 3-D images.

Front 298

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopy?

Back 298

They are very expensive to use, require extensive training, they have to have dead samples due to using a vacuum and using stains, and are only available in black and white or false color.

Front 299

What are the steps involved with staining?

Back 299

1) Make a smear, 2) heat fix smear, 3) apply stain and rinse.

Front 300

What are the steps involved with staining?

Back 300

1) Make a smear, 2) heat fix smear, 3) apply stain and rinse.

Front 301

_________ Involves using dyes to generate contrast, to view specimens with light microscopy. Almost always apply to color certain features of a specimen before examining it under a microscope.

Back 301

Staining.

Front 302

_____ Dye has a positive charge.

Back 302

Basic dye.

Front 303

_____ Dye has a positive charge.

Back 303

Basic dye.

Front 304

_______ dye has a negative charge.

Back 304

Acidic dye.

Front 305

When a single dye is used to emphasize particular structures in a specimen...

Back 305

Simple stain.

Front 306

Which kind of diet will be able to color bacteria?

Back 306

A basic, positive stain.

Front 307

Which kind of diet will be able to color bacteria?

Back 307

A basic, positive stain.

Front 308

_________ Is an effective method to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls.

Back 308

Gram stain procedure.

Front 309

_____ staining distinguishes organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains.

Back 309

Differential stains.

Front 310

_________ stain able to differentiate two types of gram-positive cells: those that have waxy mycolic acid’s and their cell walls and those that do not.

Back 310

Acid fast stain.

Front 311

_______ stain is an effective method to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls. Uses a primary stain and a secondary counterstain to distinguish between bacteria.

Back 311

Gram stain.

Front 312

What are the four types of Gram stain reagents?

Back 312

Primary stain, mordant, decolorizing agent, and counterstain.

Front 313

________ gives all cells a color. An example is crystal violet.

Back 313

Primary stain.

Front 314

________ gives all cells a color. An example is crystal violet.

Back 314

Primary stain.

Front 315

_____ stabilizers stains/dyes. A trapping agent, contains dye in thick solid walls

Back 315

Mordant.

Front 316

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 316

Decolorizing agent

Front 317

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 317

Decolorizing agent

Front 318

__________ stains decolorized cells a different color. Example; safranin.

Back 318

Counterstain.

Front 319

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 319

Decolorizing agent

Front 320

__________ stains decolorized cells a different color. Example; safranin.

Back 320

Counterstain.

Front 321

What are the three special structure stains?

Back 321

Endospore, capsule, and flagella stains.

Front 322

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 322

Decolorizing agent

Front 323

__________ stains decolorized cells a different color. Example; safranin.

Back 323

Counterstain.

Front 324

What are the three special structure stains?

Back 324

Endospore, capsule, and flagella stains.

Front 325

True or false, special structure stains are also types of differential stains.

Back 325

True.

Front 326

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 326

Decolorizing agent

Front 327

__________ stains decolorized cells a different color. Example; safranin.

Back 327

Counterstain.

Front 328

What are the three special structure stains?

Back 328

Endospore, capsule, and flagella stains.

Front 329

True or false, special structure stains are also types of differential stains.

Back 329

True.

Front 330

___________ Uses two stains to differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell.

Back 330

Endospore staining.

Front 331

__________ washes dye out of cell with thin cell walls.

Back 331

Decolorizing agent

Front 332

__________ stains decolorized cells a different color. Example; safranin.

Back 332

Counterstain.

Front 333

What are the three special structure stains?

Back 333

Endospore, capsule, and flagella stains.

Front 334

True or false, special structure stains are also types of differential stains.

Back 334

True.

Front 335

___________ Uses two stains to differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell.

Back 335

Endospore staining.

Front 336

_______ Staining is used with certain types of bacteria and yeasts that have a protective outer structure. These outer structures do not absorb most basic dyes therefore a negative staining technique has to be used with this method of staining.

Back 336

Capsule staining.

Front 337

______ staining is used to view and study flagella.

Back 337

Flagella.

Front 338

________ what is the first man to observe cells, but _______ was the first to name that he saw cells when he viewed cork cells.

Back 338

Leeuwenhoeck; Hooke.

Front 339

What are some characteristics of gram-positive bacteria‘s cell wall?

Back 339

They are structurally simple, they contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan, and have embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.

Front 340

What are some characteristics of gram-positive bacteria‘s cell wall?

Back 340

They are structurally simple, they contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan, and have embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.

Front 341

Explain some characteristics of Gram negative bacteria’s cell wall.

Back 341

They are structurally more complex than gram-positive bacteria’s cell wall. It contains three layers: 1) An inner membrane, 2) thin layer of peptidoglycan, and 3) an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. It also contains the periplasmic space which is unique to Gram negative bacteria.