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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytology
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-The scientific study of cells for the purpose of diagosing disease
-Involves the microscopic exam of cells obtained from: *tissue surfaces *body cavities *body excretions *body secretions |
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Body excretions
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- is the removal of material from living thing
-tears,feces, urine, CO2, sweat -this is passive in nature it has to happen |
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Body secretion
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-is the movement of material from one point to another
-enzymes, hormones, or saliva -removes important materials that can be metabolized and used by our bodies |
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Hystopathology
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-study of tissue
-use a mycrotome |
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Microtome
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-an instrument for cutting extremely thin sections of material for examination under a microscope
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Pros and cons of cytology
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-Advantages: quick preparations, good cell detail (depending on the leasion), relatively cheap
-Disadvantages: small sample size, may not have any exfoliated cells, cant rule out disease based on negative sample |
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Cytology sampling methods
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-fine needle aspirate
-impression smear or touch prep -scrape prep -swab -fluid prep |
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Fine needle aspiration
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-done on animal while leasion is still on animal
-called an insitu (natural environment) -22-25 gage needle and 12 cc syringe (small animal) -20 gage needle and 12 cc syringe (large animal) -insert needle in center of leasion pull back on plunger and redirect 3 or more times -pull needle out of leasion and take needle off the pull back on plunger and put needle back on and put specimine on a slide |
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Squash prep
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-put specimin on slide and take another slide and squish it and slide the slides to make a monolayer of cells
-if specimine is wet do the prep like a blood smear |
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Technical problems w/ FNA (fine needle aspiration)
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- blood contamination- improper equipment , too large needle or too much suction
-dammage to cells- too much suction or too much force expelling sample (use 12cc syringe) -non representative sample - not redirecting the needle in the mass |
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Impression smear/ Touch prep
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-leasion that has been removed
-cut tumor/leasion in half if big cut more sections -blot if 2 moist dont rub or drag -take cut surface and press down on slide and repeate -lable slide: Name animal, owner, date and what kind of smear |
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Technical problems w/ impression smear
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-Very dense tissue will make poor sample - few cells exfoliate if tissue is too fibrous or bony
-Damage to cells by smearing the tissue - proper touch technique should be used -Preps that are too thick - blot the tissue b4 touching slide, make several touches |
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Scrape prep
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-Hard boney leasions/tumors
-use a scalple and scrape the tumor/leasion -spred sample on a slide in a thin layer |
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Problems w/ scrape preping
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-some cell damage occurs
-scraping may contaminate the sample w/ blood |
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Swab Samples
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-use clean swab dry or a bit wet
-insert swab to desired level -press cotton tip against wall and gently rotate -withdraw swab -roll swab gently onto slide -EX. ear smear |
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technical problems w/ swab slide
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-swab too wet -cells don't stick to swab , slide dries to slow
-swab too dry- cells don't come off -cells damage - roll swab on side, don't drag ! |
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Fluid Samples
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-Cytology is preformed on various body fluids
-effusions: body fluids that have increased in volume -transudate: capillary filtrate or fluid -exudate: inflammatory condition w/ increased fluid |
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Effusions
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-body fluids that have increased in volume
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Transudate
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-capillary filtrate or fluid
*clear,colorless, low protein *low cellularity, low specific gravity *eg. ascities (fluid in the abdomen) |
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Exudate
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-inflammatory condition w/ increased fluid
*color, increased protein * increased cells, increased specific gravity * Ex. Pus |
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Fluid prep
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-depends on the vicosity (thickness) of the fluid
-in most cases the technique used is a variation of a blood smear: : fluid is very thick, can do a squash prep : fluid is similar to blood, use standard technique : fluid is thin, smear but don't make fethered edge, stop and let flow over its self this concentrates the cells on the smear : very thin fluid may also be centrifuged and the sediment examined- like a urine sample |
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vet cytology microscopy
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-on low power look for area of uniform, intact cells w/ good staining
-mono-layer -look for sheets of cells and other diagnostic structures (bacteria, fungi) -move to oil to look at cell detail |
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Types of cells
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-inflammatory
-non-inflammatory |
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Hyperplasia
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-an abnormal increase in # of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue
-Chronic irritation -Altered cellular signaling (homone imblanance) -may be associated w/ inflammatory cells -cells may appear more immature, but otherwise resemble normal cells -have a constant N:C ratio |
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Neoplasia
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-An increase in cell # that is not dependant on stimulus (don't have to have irritation)
-abnormal new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled. -if this forms a distinct mass it is a tumor. -tumors may be benign or malignant -Usually larger cells -varying sizes and shapes (pleomorphic) -Variable N:C ration (nuclear size: cytoplasm present) |
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Benign
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-Non-spreading
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Malignant
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Spreading
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Inflammatory leasions
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-characterized by WBC's
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-Acute inflammation
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-Inflammatory leasions w/ Neutrophills:
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Inflammatory leasion w/ macrophages:
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-Tissue moncytes, more chronic inflammation (large w/vaccuoles)
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Inflammatory leasion w/ Eosinophils
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-parasitic or allergic reaction or in eosinophillic granulomas of cats
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Eosinophilic granuloma (Rodent Ulcers)
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-auto amune system disease
- will see eocinophills -Take slide impression right on their leasion |
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Urticaria
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-Hives
-Wheals = hives |
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Types of neoplasia
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-carcinomas (squamous cell carcinoma)
-sarcomas (osteosarcoma) -roundcell tumors (mass cell tumor) |
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Carcinomas
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-common
-originate from epithelium, more suface tumors -usually in clusters or sheets Sarcomas |
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Sarcomas
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-connective tissue,origin,deeper location
-don't exfoliate well, usually need scrape |
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Round cell tumors
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-characteristically round in shape
-exfoliated as individual cells -serious, very aggressive |
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Cycles of Estrous
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-Proestrous
-estrus -metestrus -diestrus or anestrus |
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Proestrus
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-When dog bleeds
-active phase immediately preceedin estrus -smear contains RBC's -Epitheial cells -Too early to breed |
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Estrus
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-No RBC
-characterized by cornified epithelial cells -Loose neucles |
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Metestrus
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-Epithelial cell numbers drop
-neutrophil numbers rise -uterus is rebsorbing lining |
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Anestrus/ Diestrus
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-few cells
-quiescent phase -epithelial cells may be cornified or non-cornified -may see an occasional neutrophill |
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Canine vaginal cytology
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-can pin point what stage of estrus is in primarly in dogs and rats
-speculum put in vagina -clean long swab in vagina wall till reaches cervix -roll motion on slide and diff quick stain it |
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Histology
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-processing is used on tissue samples excised from the body
-the normal architecture or pattern of the tissue is seen, rather than just looking at exfoliated cells -it is more time consuming and costly than cytology |
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Monera
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-are undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form specialized tissues or organ systems
:prokaryotic :Eukaryotic |
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Prokaryotic
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-bacteria
-dont have neuclar membrane |
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Eukaryotic
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-algae, fungi, protozoa
-have neuclear membrane |
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Unit of measure
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-micrometer=micron=u=10 to the negitive 6 meter (Small)
-Nanometer=nm-10 to the negitive 9 meter (very small) -Angstrom= Å= 10 to the negitive 10 meter (very very small) -most bacteria we will study are between :0.5 u to 1.0u in width : 2.0u to 5.0u in length ** can not see bacteria on scanning in urine** |
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shape of bacteria
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-coccus= spherical
-Bacillus= Bacilli rods or cylinders -spiral or spirochetes= loose sprials or tight spirals or comma (gul) shape -Pleomorphic= range from cocci to rods (various size/shape) |
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arrangement of cocci
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Arrangements of Bacilli
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Spriochete Forms
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Capsule:
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-Protects against phagocytosis
-helps with attachment -prevets drying and nutrient loss -produces pathogenicity *Makes cell more pathogenic |
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Cell wall
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-gives rigidity
-layers produce the gram stain reaction |
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Gram positive
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-Purple
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Gram Negative
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Pink
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Pili
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For attachment NOT movement
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Flagella types
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Endospores
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-Intracellular bodies that have a low rate of metabolism
-their location in the cell can help w/ the identification of the organism : central : subterminal : terminal |
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Nutrition of bacteria
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-carbohydrate
-protein -lipids -water -inorganic ions -trace elements |
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Fastidious
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Organisms that have strict growth requirements
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Mesophiles
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-Grow between 20-40 degrees C
-most pathogens are here |
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Thermophiles
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-grow at higher than 40 degrees C
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Psychrophiles
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-Grow at lower than 20 degrees C
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ObligateAerobe
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-Requires oxygen to survive
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Obligate Anaerobe
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-Grows only in the absence of O2 (killed or inhibited by O2)
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Facultative Anaerobe
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-can survive in the absence of O2 but growth is limited
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Microaerophilic
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-Grows best at levels of O2 less than contained in air
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Capnophilic
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Requires high CO2
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pH
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-most pathogenic bacteria grow best in a neutral pH such as 6.6 - 7.5
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Hypertonic
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draws water out of the cell
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Isotonic
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releases water as well as lets it in
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Hypotonic
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Draws water in to the cell
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