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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do you control a virus
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analogs
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what is an examples of an analog
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AZT
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how does AZT work
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mimics thymine
lacks 3' OH so there is nothing to attach to and DNA synthesis stops |
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what is a nickname for AZT
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chain terminator becuase it stops DNA
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what is great about AZT in HIV
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prefentially takes up AZT over normal T
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how do you control fungus
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ergosterol inhibitors
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how does ergosterol work
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fuagal membranes use ergosterol insteado f cholesterol. Thus, ergosterol inhibitors target the biosyntehtic pathways involved in ergosterol synth
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how do you control protozoans
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hydroxyghloroquine
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how does hydroxychloroquine work
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inhibits choline syntehsis which is unique to the protozoal membrane
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why don't we worry about algal control
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need light
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what is the definition of sterilization
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kills all organisms
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what are three methods of sterilizaiton
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autoclave
heat radiation |
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which is true sterilization
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autoclave is closest but prios and spores may survive
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what are three types of radiation
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xray
UV light thymidine |
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how do xrays work
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create ractive molecules taht destroy DNA and proteins like OH
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how does UV light work
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thymidine dimers
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how do microwaves work
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generate heat and cause heat damage
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What three things are going on in an acively growing cell
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DNA replacement
transcription translation |
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the chromosome codes for ____ ___
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essential function
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Plasmids code for ____ ____
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nonessential funciton like antibiotics
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define trasnposable elements
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mobile pieces of DNA that can pick up neighboring DNA and thenexcise out of a chromosoem and interrupt genes when they reinsert
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what is dNA methylation usually used for
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self recognition
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if a bacti recognizaes non self methylation, how does it destroy the invader
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methylation specific nucleases
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why is DNA replicaiton semi conservative
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one parent strand one newly synthesized
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what is primarily presonseible for DNA synthesis
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DNA pol III
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does DNA pol III have exonuclease activity
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yes it can proof read
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what provides the RNA primers and the three prime oh for DNA pol
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RNA primase
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definition. the site of DNA replication
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replicaiton fork
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what does DNA pol I do
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removed RNA primers and relaces them with DNA
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does DNA pol I have exonuclease activity
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no but that's ok because it only have to change U to T
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3553. what is the template strand of DNA
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3 to 5 so that replicaiton will put down 5 to 3
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One RNA primer is put down near the ORI site to provide the initial ____ fo DNA pol III
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3' oH
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is the lagging strand ocntinuous or discontiuous
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dis
okazaki fragments |
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how many RNA primases on DNA leading? lagging?
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one
multiple regularily spaced |
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what is the function of RNA primase
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to provide the 3'OH for DNA pol III which will then add nucleotides
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what connects DNA segments together to form continuous DNA
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DNA ligase
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what are ssBinding proteins
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bind to protect ss DNA
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what unwinds DNA? what unzips it?
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topoisomerase
helicase |
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what coordinates synthesis by DNA pol III on leading and lagging strands
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beta clamp
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what makes RNA from DNA template
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RNA pol
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does RNA pol need a three prime OH
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no
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what recognizes the start site and promoter for a particular gene
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sigma factor
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what happens when sigma binds to the promoter
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it tells RNA pol where to gind and aligns it at the first set of bases that will become mRNA in transcriptioin
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where does the sigma factor recognize
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promoter at the -35 -10 region
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is the promoter upstream or downstream of the gene
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upstream
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what happens to the sigma after RNA pol binds
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sigma dissociates
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what happens when RNA pol finds a terminator
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RNA falls off DNA
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what are two types of transcription termination
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rho independent
rho dependent |
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how does it work in rho independent
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inverted repeats
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how does rho dependent work
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rho protein binds to RNA at 5' end and runs up RNA to knock off RNA pol
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what are the three stop codons
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UAA
UAG UGA |
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what does degenerative mean
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repitition is present
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describe the steps of initiation
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fmet tRNA and initation factors attach to AUG at 5' end of mRNA
16s ribosomal RNA on 30s subunit attaches to shine delgarno seq at the 3' end of mRNA 50s recognizes fmet tRNA and 30s with SD seq and sits down |
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what happens in elongation
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new tRNA line up in the A site and then move to P site then to Exit site
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what goes on in termination of translation
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ribosome finds stop codon
no tRNA releasing factors come in and knowck it off |
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what are two types of regulatory mechanisms
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control enzyme activity
control amoutn of enzyme made |
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feedback inhibition =
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post translational control
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what binds in the allosteric site
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end product
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do inducers allow gene transcription
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yes
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do corepressors allow gene transcription
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no
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how does an inducer work
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if present it interacts with the repressor and inactivates it via conformational change. respressor cannot bind to operator. sigma factor bind and transcription occurs
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where does the repressor bind
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operator
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what is catabolite repression
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inhibits syntehsis fo unneeded catabolic enzymes even through substrate is avail in the growth medium
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deifnition. the preferential use of one nutrient over another
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diauxic growth
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how does cap work
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it will only bind to the binding site when cAMP first binds to the DNA at the cap site
glucose inhibits the synthesis of cAMP no cAMP no CAP no CAP no sigma no sigma no RNA pol initiation of transcription |
