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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do we control viruses
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nucleoside analogs
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how do we control fungus
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ergosterol inhibitors
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how do we control protozoans
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hydroxychloroquine
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how do we control algae
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don't really care but light
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what nucleoside analog did we talk about
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AZT
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how does AZT work
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mimics thymine
lacks 3 prime OH to 5prime phosphate nothing to attach to stops DNA synthesis |
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what is another way to say that ZAT stops DNA synthesis
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chain terminator
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how does AZT work on HIV
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RNA virus
reverse transcriptase picks up AZT over T |
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how does ergosterol inhibition work
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fungal membrane contains ergosterol
maintains fluidity inhibitors target ergosteral synthesis pathways |
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why doesn't ergosterol hurt us?
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animals use cholesterol not ergosterol
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how does hydroxychloroquine work
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inhibits choline synthesis found in protozoan membranes (not in euk)
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define sterilization
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kills all biological life
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what are three methods of sterilization and which one is the only "true" one
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autoclave is true
heat radiation |
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how does an autoclave work
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heat 121 degrees c
28 atm |
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what could survive an autoclave? how could we get around this?
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prions and spores
repeat to trick spores into germination |
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what are three waves of radiation used for sterilization
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xray/gamma ray
UV microwave |
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how do xrays work
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create reactive molecules taht destroy DNA
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how does UV light work
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thymidine dimers damage DNA
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how do microwaves work
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cause heat damage
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how do you know that milk pasteurizaiton is not sterilization
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still spoils
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what are three processes that occur simultaneously in prok at the same region of DNA
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dna replication
transcription translation |
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define dna replication
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increasing copies of chromosomes and other genetic elements in prep for cell division
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what are four prok genetic elements we need to know
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chromosome
plasmids transposable elecments DNA methylation |
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define chromosome
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codes for essential function
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define plasmid
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small pieces of DNA that code fo non essential DNA function
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are antibiotic essential
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no they are on plasmids and non essential
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what are transposable elements
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mobile pieces of DNA that pick up neighboring DNA and excise out chromosome and reinsert it
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what is DNA methylation
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pattern used for self recognition
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what may use transpososon
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breast cancer
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what may use DNA methylation
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visues taht infect bact
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what would a bacti do if it recognized non self methylation patterns
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nucleases
enzymes to chew it up |
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what does semi conservative mean
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one parent and one newly synthesized strand
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what does DNA pol III do
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DA syntehsis
adds nucleotides to three prime OH exonuclease activity |
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what does RNA primase do
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makes RNA
provides RNA primers provides the three prime OH for DNA pol |
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what is the sit of DNA replication
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replication fork
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what does DNA pol I do
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removes RNA primers and replaces with DNA
no exonuclease which is ok because only needs to trade U for T |
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what are two strands of DNA replicaiton
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leading and lagging
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what occurs on the leading strand
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one RNA primer at the ori provides the 3 prime OH for DNA pol III
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what occurs on the lagging strand
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multiple RNA primases place regularily spaced three prime oh for DNA pol III
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what cuts out RNa nad puts down DNA
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DNA pol I
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what connects CNA seg to form continuous
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ligase
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what protein protects DNA from topoisomerase and helicase
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ssB single stranded binding proteins
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what does topoisomerase do
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unwinds DNA
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what does helicase do
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unzips DNA
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what coordinates synthesis by DNA pol III on leading and lagging strands
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beta clamps
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how do you know which strand is the leading strand
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same direction as replication
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describe RNA
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ss
non helical |
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are genes on 1 or two DNA strands
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one
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what are the six steps of transcription
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sigma factor
RNA pol finds sigma/promoter RNA pol binds and unwinds sigma dissociates after initiaion RNA pol makes RNA terminator |
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where does the sigma factor bind
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promotor in the -35 to -10 region (pribnow box)
always upstream of the gene |
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what does RNA pol do
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binds
unwinds makes RNA |
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what are two types of termination
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rho dependent
rho independent |
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how does rho independent work
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inverted repeats to stem loops formation
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how does rho dependent work
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rho at 5 prime end runs up RNA and knocks off RNA pol
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what is the start codon
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AUG
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what are the stop codons
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UAA
UAG UGA |
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what are three steps of translation
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initiation
elongation termination |
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what is required for initiation
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fmet charge tRNA and initiation factors such as IF 1 2 3 and proteins
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what happens in initiation
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AUG cods for fmet at the 5prime end of mRNA
16 s RNA on 30s subunit attaches to shine delgarno sequence at three prime end of mRNA upstream fo AUG 50 s subunit recobnizes fmet and mrna on AUG and 30s subunit lines up with SD seq and sits down. fmet trna will start off in the p site of now compelte 70s ribosome |
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how does termination work
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ribosome finds stop codon in A site
release factors destabilize ribosome |
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what does tRNA look like
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anticodon complimentary to mRNA
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what are the three parts of the 50s subunit
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E exit
P peptide a acceptor |
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what are the parts of the ribosome
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30s 50s and 70s
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what are two things we control in gene regulation
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enzyme activity
amount of enzyme made |
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how do we control enzyme activity
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post translational control
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post translational control =
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feedback inhibition
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increased concentration of end products leads to ...
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increased enzyme inhibition
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what do inducers do
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allow gene transcription
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what do corepressors do
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inhibit gene transcription
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what are two ways to control transcription
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inducer and corepressors
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if an inducer is present,
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interacts with the repressor to inactivate it. transcription occurs.
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if the inducer is absent,
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the repressor binds to the operator and no transcription occurs
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a corepressor may...
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activate a repressor
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what are the parts of the operon
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P O gene sequence and CAP site
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where do repressors bind on the operon
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operator
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what is catabolite repression
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inhibits the syntehsis of unneeded catabolic enzymes even though substrate is vial in growth medium
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what is diauxic growth
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prefernetial use of one nutrient over another
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why can diauxic growht occur
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catabolite repressible enzymes. lactose operon is repressible
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RNA pol binding is dependent on ____ _____
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CAP protein
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CAP only binds to the binding site when ___ first binds to dNA at the CAP site
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cAMP
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glucose inhibits the synthesis of cAMP. exlain the sequence
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no cAMP no CAP no sigma no RNA pol initiation of transcription
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