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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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can a virus reproduce on its own?
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no -- needs host
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animolecules =
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leewenhook's version of bacteria
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can we ID species under a microscope
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no we depend on chemistry
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what is the purpose of the microscope
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magnification
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what gives good magnification
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contrast and resolution
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what is contrast
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diff in densities between specimen and surrounding medium
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contrast is a function of the _____
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sample
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what are three ways to add contrast
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stain
modify wavelength of light pswitch to EM |
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what is resolution
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ability to distinguish two ppoints from each other
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resolution is a function of the _____
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optics
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what is the best microscope in terms of magnification and resolution and why
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electron
use smaller particles to hit object e are small and more sensitive than waves |
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what are the seven types of microscopes
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light
phase fluorescent electron scanning and transmission atomic force |
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define adaptation
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the ability to respond to the environment
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what is the advantage of spores
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spread
survive harsh conditions |
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what are the primary degarders of complex organic materials
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fungi
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what are four types of fungi
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molds
mushrooms yeast slimemolds |
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what is an example of mold
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penicilium spp
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what is different about yeast compared to other types of fungus
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not filamentous (although sometimes if pathogenic)
no colonies |
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how do yeast reproduce
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sexually
asexually via budding |
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why are slimemolds like protozoa
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motility
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what are two examples of yeast
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candida albicans
saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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what is an example of slimemolds
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dictostelium spp
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hows does pinocytosis work
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nutrients are sucked through the cell membrnae into a membrane bound vesicle... ex organic matter
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how does phagocytosis work
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extensions of cell membrane surround organic matter and bring it into cell as a membrane bound vesicle
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what are four types of protozoa
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FACS
flagellates amoebas ciliates sporozoans |
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example of amoeba
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entamoeba histolytica
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example of flagellates
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trypanosoma
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example of ciliate
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paramecium
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example of sporozoans
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plasmodium
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what causes sleeping sickness
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trypanosoma spp flagellates protozoa
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what helps us break down cellulose
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paramecium ciliates protozoa
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what causes dysentery
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entamoeba histolytica amoeba protozoa
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what causes malaria
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plasmodium spp sporozoans protozoa
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how do each of the protozoa move
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FACS
flagellates flagella CW or CCW amoeba flowing plasmodium ciliates beat sporozonas atypic bending or gliding |
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what kind of cell wall does fungi have
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chitin
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what kind of cell wall does algae have
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cellulose
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algae vs. ciliate protozoa who wins? why?
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protozoa because paramecium breaks down cellulose
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why can algae indicate water cleanliness
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caused by excess N and P
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the majority of human pathogens are gram ____
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negative
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what makes up the cell wall
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nam nag
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what is nam
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N acetylmuramic acid
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what is nag
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N acetylglucosamine
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what are nam and nag in general
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sugars/ carbs
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describe the cell wall-- permeability, selectivity, contribution
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HIGHLY permeable
Not very selective only size contributes to morphology and turgor pressure |
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what holds the CM together
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hydrophobic forces
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what does the fluid mosaic model state
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membrane itself is fluid
mosaic of proteins exists ability of the mosaic to change and move increases efficiency and therefore survivability |
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in regards to FA which are straight and which are bent
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straight is sat
bent is unsat |
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in regards to FA which are increased in hot? in cold?
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sat
unsat |
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what is the structure of the outter membrane like
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like the cell membrane
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compare and contrast the inner and outer membranes
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both are fluid, semipermeable, and fluid mosaic
outer is less complex, more permeable, mostly porins, selective by size, less diverse |
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why would penicilin be less effective on gram neg
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too big for porins of the OM
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LPS are seen in gram __ bacteria
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negative think outer membrane
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techoic and lipotcechoic acids are found in gram __ bacteria
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positive
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what is LPS
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lipopolysaccharide
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what makes up LPS
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lipid A fa attached to NAG
what makes up core polysac variable 7 Cs o polysac variable 6 C's |
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why are we too clean
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immune response is very strong to LPS
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which gram positive or negative has a larger periplamic space and why is this important
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negative
more space for nutrients due to OM trapping |
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what are three additional prokaryotic structures you should know
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ribosomes
nucleoid flagellum |
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what do ribosomes do
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transcription
na to aa mrna to protein |
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what does the nucleoid hold
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one double stranded chromosome that is all coding
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what does all coding mean
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no gaps in codes like that of the chromosome of a prokaryote
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what are three types of flagella
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polar
peritrichous lophotrichous |
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what are the flagella anchored into
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basal body
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where are the flagella embedded and why is this important
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cell wall. cell wall is rigid so flagella don't move with fluid mosaic
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there is nothing to stop the growth of flagella. why is this important
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need to grow to counteract running into objects which easily snaps flagella
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define chemosaxis
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a movement in reponse to chemical gradients in a cell's environment
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what are other types of taxis
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photo and thermo
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what are gradients that the cell has receptors for (in chemotaxis)
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glucose
lactose ammonia ab |
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what are eight additional prok structures that you shoudl know
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ribosomes
nucleoids flagella fimbriae/pili gas vesicles glycocalyx storage polymers spores (endospores) |
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what is the fimbriae for
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adhesion like little hairs
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what is pili for
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conjugation. exchange of genetic material
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can conjugation occur across species
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yes
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how do gas vesicles work
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may be inflated or deflated to move cell up and down in water
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what are the major benefits of a glycocalyx
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slip away from macrophages
protection from phagocytosis protection from dessication food if starving |
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what is dessication
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drying out
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what are four types of storage polymers
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carbon
polyphosphate elemental sulfur magnetoxomes |
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what would a prok need to have to responsd to magnetic fields
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magnetosomes such as Fe3O4 as storage polymers
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only gram ___ can sporulate. how do you know?
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positive. thick cell wall.
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what are spores resistant to
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heat
dessication UV light chemicals |
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what goes into the spore
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riboxomes
enzymes chromosomes basic units |
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what are the layers of the spore
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core
thick cell wall cortex spore coat exosporin |
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how do you treat spores
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trick it into germinating and kill it quick
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are spores living or non living
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depends how you look at it.
not because no metabolic acitivty. yes because can't spontaneously make life. |
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what is metabolism
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odds of a reaction occuring
sum of all chemical processes in the cell |
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what are two types of metabolism
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anabolism and catabolism
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why do we need energy
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chemical work ex biosynthesis degredation
transport work ie uptake of nutrients chemical work motility |
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what are two types of E
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ATP NADPH
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what is reduction potential
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tnedency to lose e-
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what are three E classifications
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chemoorgano
chemolitho photo |
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what are two C classifications
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hetero
auto |
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what would be something that uses glucose for both E and C
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chemoorganoheterotroph
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what would be something that uses H2 and CO2 for E and C
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chemolithoautotroph
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what would be something that uses light and CO2
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photoautotorph
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