Micro Lec 3

Front 1

proteins that bind to DNA and control transcription

Back 1

transcription factors

Front 2

segment of DNA in bacteria for which several genes can be transcribed and produce special enzymes needed for lactose utilization

Back 2

lac operon

Front 3

expressed gene

Back 3

exons

Front 4

useless or unexpressed genes

Back 4

introns

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transcribes DNA to RNA

Back 5

RNA polymerase

Front 6

segment of DNA

Back 6

gene

Front 7

alteration of the genetic material (ie, 1 in 10 million E. coli are resistant to rifampin because of a mutation)

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mutation

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chemical substances that increase frequency rate of mutations (ie, ultraviolet light, asbestos)

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mutagen

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change in position of a genome (ie, pili in N. gonorrhea- 12 different pili genes moved into expression lous)

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translocation

Front 10

flip in orientation in bacterial genome (ie, invertible segment in promoter for flagella gene)

Back 10

inversion

Front 11

segment of bacterial genome is lost (ie, cells that make antibodies undergo series of deletions when selected to produce one particular antibody)

Back 11

deletion

Front 12

genetic recombination (eukaryotes)

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sexual reproduction

Front 13

binary fission (prokaryotes)

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asexual reproduction

Front 14

exchange of genetic material between a donor cell and recipient cell that occurs in or through environment.

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transformation

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exchange of genetic material through donor cell to recipient through physical contact

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Conjugation

Front 16

exchange of genetic information from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage (viral vehicle)

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Transduction

Front 17

extrachromosomal DNA loop in bacteria

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plasmid

Front 18

resistance plasmid (transformation)

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R-1 plasmid

Front 19

in donor cell in conjugation; carries genes involved in transfer process and genes for F-pili

Back 19

F-plasmid

Front 20

non-conjugative plasmids can integrate selves into F-plasmids and be transferred when cell undergoes conjugation

Back 20

plasmid mobilization

Front 21

in transformation and transduction, bacteria must be similar in nucleotide sequence

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homologous recombination

Front 22

refers to new strain formed during conjugation when F plasmid inserts itself in F+ cell

Back 22

Hfr strains

Front 23

exchange of genetic material between cells (not offspring)

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horizontal gene transfer

Front 24

short segments of DNA that can move from one site on a plasmid to a different site on same plasmid, or from one plasmid to another, or from plasmid to bacterial genome

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transposoms

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insertion sequence, carries gene coding for transposonase; flanked by 2 units of DNA and the entire segment moves

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IS segments

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2 insertion sequences on either side flanking several genes, usually genes that code for antibiotic resistance

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composite transposon

Front 27

growth in population density

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bacterial growth

Front 28

a form of reproduction; bud/mini cell forms on cells surface, is released, germinates into adult

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budding

Front 29

of time it takes for one round of bacterial cell division

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generation/doubling time

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bacterial cell divides in half; daughter cells are half parental material, half newly synthesized material

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binary fission

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CHNOPS, sourced from amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA, vitamins, sugars, H2O, etc.

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essential nutrients

Front 32

an organism that requires all 20 amino acids from environment and CHNOPS

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fastidious microbe

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cannot tolerate oxygen in the environment

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obligate anaerobe

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require oxygen in the environment

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obligate aerobes

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require trace amounts of oxygen in the environment

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microaerophiles

Front 36

prefer one environment but can grow in the other

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facultative aerobes and anaerobes

Front 37

complete destruction of ALL microbes by physical means-heat, radiation, filtration, or gas

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sterilization

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removal from fomite (inanimate) surfaces of pathogens by chemical means

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disinfection

Front 39

prevention of growth by chemical agents applied to external surfaces of tissue

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antisepsis

Front 40

dry or biologic agent that destroys microbes

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bactericidal agent

Front 41

biologic agent that inhibits growth of microbes but does not destroy them

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bacteriostatic agent

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incineration (fire) or hot air oven for glass, powder or oil

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dry heat sterilization

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autoclave

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moist heat sterilization

Front 44

destroys heat resistant non-spore forming microbes by heating for 3 sec-30min

Back 44

pasteurization

Front 45

causes adjacent T or C in DNA become bonded together in plasmid or chromosome, leading to death

Back 45

UV radiation

Front 46

x and gamma rays are 10,000 times more powerful than UV-cause H2O in cells to form hydroxyl and hydronium ions, which interferes with DNA

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ionizing radiation

Front 47

mechanical method for removing microbes from fluids and air

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filtration

Front 48

interfere with microbe’s phospholipid bilayer (ammonium)

Back 48

cationic detergents

Front 49

interfere with lipoproteins in plasma membrane (soap)

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anionic detergents

Front 50

denature organism’s proteins (GNB, GPB and spore formers)

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phenols

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eradicate microbes in water filtration to make potable (GNB, GPB, and spore formers) (chlorine, iodine)

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halogens

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denature proteins and disrupt fatty acid (S. aureus)

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alcohols

Front 53

used to sterilize medical instruments

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ethylene oxide

Front 54

denature proteins and interfere w/nucleic acid synth (decontam. Rooms)

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-formaldehyde

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denature proteins and interfere w/nucleic acid synth (decontam. Rooms, lensed instruments)\

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glutaraldehyde

Front 56

low molecular weight substances that will either kill a microbe or prevent it from reproducing

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antibiotics

Front 57

ie penicillin, cephalosporin 4 classes have * ring, work by interfering with the last step of cell wall synthesis (transpeptidation), bactericidal, especially for GPB

Back 57

beta-lactam

Front 58

ie vanconycin, interfere with 2nd to last step in cell wall synthesis (transglycosylation), bactericidal for GPB

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glyopeptides

Front 59

ie streptomycin, target small subunit of ribosomes, preventing binding, bactericidal

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Aminoglycocide

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ie minocycline, target small subunit of ribosomes, distort A site, bacteriostatic

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Tetracycline

Front 61

ie erythromycin, bind to large subunit of ribosomes preventing elongation, bactericidal for GPB

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Macrolides and lincosamides

Front 62

ie norfloxocin, bind to beta subunit of DNA gyrase, inhibiting DNA replication, bactericidal for GNB

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Quinolone and fluroquinolone

Front 63

attaches to beta subunit of RNA polymerase, interfering with transcription

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Rifampin

Front 64

resemble enzymes that convert substances, attaches to antibiotic and not substrate

Back 64

Metabolic analogs

Front 65

poke holes in cell membrane causing contents to spill out

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Polymyxin and colistin

Front 66

when bacteria produce enzymes that somehow degrade/inactivate the antibiotic (ie cleaving bonds, attaching amino groups, etc.)

Back 66

Enzymatic degradation

Front 67

pump produced by bacteria (requires ATP) to remove antibiotics from cell as it diffuses in

Back 67

efflux pump

Front 68

when the target of an antibiotic undergoes point mutation, the antibiotic can’t attach

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target modification

Front 69

shield produced by bacteria to protect ribosomes, make it impossible for antibiotics to attach and inhibit protein synthesis

Back 69

protein shield