Micro, Genetics

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translation begins with

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protein synthesis

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expressed properties such as eye color and curly hair is called

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phenotype

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3 types RNA

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tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

(There is no uRNA)

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RNA polymerase is

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an enzyme used in the synthesis of RNA

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The promoter site is

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the site where RNA polymerase binds to DNA

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mRNA language consists of

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three nucleotides called codons

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repressors function to

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stop the initiation of transcription

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an operon consists of

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structural genes, regulatory genes, and control genes

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what factors affect a culture media

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nutrients, moisture, pH, oxygen, sterile (no living microbes) temperature

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chemically defined media

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exact chemical composition not known

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complex media

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varies from batch to batch, Ex nutrient both and nutrient agar

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anaerobic culture media

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reducing media that contains chemicals that combine w free oxygen.

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selective media

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supresses unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes- has specific growth requirements

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differential media

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makes it easy to distinguish colonies of microbes

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enrichment media

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encourages growth of desired microbe

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streak plate

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pure culture (only one species or strain)

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prokaryote reproduction

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binary fission, budding, conidospores, fragmentation of filaments

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growth phases are:

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lag, log, stationary, death

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measuring microbial growth-direct methods

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plate count, filtration, MPN, direct microscopic count, dry weight

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measuring microbial growth- indirect methods

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turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight

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filtration

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passage of liquid or gas through a material. Filtration removes most bacteria

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disadvantage to direct microscopic count

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not accurate, counts living and dead cells, requires lots of cells

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sepsis

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bacterial contamination

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asepsis

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no contamination

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sterilization

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removal of all life

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disinfection

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counter top

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antisepsis

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used on living tissue

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degerming

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removal germs from limited area

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sanitation

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lower microbial counts, (eating utensils)

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biocide/germicide

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cide = kills

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bacteriostasis

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inhibits furthur bacteria from growing

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microbial death

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bacterial populations die at a constant lagarithmic rate

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effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment depends on

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# microbes, environment, time of exposure, microbial characteristics

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actions of microbial control agents

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alteration to plasma membrane permeability, damage to proteins/enzymes, damage to nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

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Physical methods of microbe control

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moist heat, autoclave (kills all but prions), steam (must contact items surface), home canning (pressure cooker, air removal), pasteurization (*reduces* spoilage),

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thermoduric organisms

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are heat resistant

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Dry heat sterilization kills by

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oxidation (flaming, incineration, hot-air sterilization.)

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HEPA filter

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removes microbes from the air

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dessication prevents

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metabolism. Drys out, removes water. (freeze dried coffee)

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radiation damages

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DNA (hydroxyl radicals). Ex. x-ray, gamma ray, electron beams

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Microwaves

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kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial

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Chemical methods disinfectant-principles of effectiveness

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1- concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH, time

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evaluating a disinfectant

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use dilution test, use disk diffusion test

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DNA is copied by

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DNA polymerase in the 5'3' direction, initiated by RNA primer

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transcription

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synthesizing RNA from DNA template. DNA is transcribed to make RNA

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Transcription begins when

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RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence

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Transcription proceeds in the _____ direction

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5' to 3'

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transcription stops when

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it reaches the terminater sequence

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mRNA puts_______ to DNA molecule

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complementary base pairs

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mRNA exits the _____ and enters the _______ to be made into a protein

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nucleus, cytoplasm

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TRANSLATION

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mRNA is tranlated in codons (3 nucleotides)

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translation of mRNA begins at the _______

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start codon AUG

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translation ends at the _______

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stop codon UAA,UAG, UGA
u are awful, u are gross, u go away

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tRNA recognizes _______

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mRNA

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tRNA contains

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amino acid, anticodn and complex protein

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2 Types of Mutation

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base substitution and frameshift

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spontaneuous mutations occue int the absence of

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mutagens

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mutagen

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agent that cuases mutation

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degenerate genetic code

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3rd base of codon is different

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Mutation--base substitution is called a ________

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point mutation.
missense (mistake) change in one base, result in change of amino acid

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nonsense codons

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stop codons