Micro Flash Cards 1

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a collection of organisms that share the characteristic of being visible only with a microscope

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Microorganisms

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The science of classification is known as

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Taxonomy

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displays the unity and diversity among living things including microorganisms

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taxonomy

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one of the first taxonomists was

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Carolus Linnaeus

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Who classified all known plants and animals of that period and set down the rules for nomenclature in 1750s and 1760s

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Carolus Linnaeus

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The fundamental rank of the classification as set down by Linnaeus is the ....

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Species

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For organisms such as animals and plants a species is defined as...

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a population of individuals that breed among themselves

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For microorganisms a species is defined as...

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a group of organisms that are 70 percent similar from a biochemical standpoint

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In the classification scheme, various species are grouped together to form a

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genus

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Various genera are then grouped as a ......... because of similarities, and various families are placed together in an ........

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family
order

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Continuing the classification scheme, a number of orders are grouped as a ....... and several classes are categorized in a single....... or .......

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class
phylum
division

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The various phyla or divisions are placed in the broadest classification entry the....

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kingdom

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Numerous criteria are used in establishing a species and in placing species together in broader classification categories...

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Morphology , structure, cellular features, biochemical properties, and genetic characteristics., antibodies that an organism produces, nutritional format, staining characteristics

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Simple organisms having no nucleus or organelles

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prokaryotes

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Complex organisms whose cells have a nucleus and organelles

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eukaryotes, ex fungi, protozoa, and unicellular algae

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T or F
Viruses are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because of their simplicity and unique characteristics

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t

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Generally accepted classification of living things was devised by

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Robert Whittaker

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Name the five kingdoms

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Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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....may appear as rods(bacilli),
spheres(cocci) or spirals(spirilla or spirochetes)

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Bacteria

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......reproduce by binary fision, have unique constituents in their cell walls, and exist in mist environments on earth

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Bacteria

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...are eukaryotic microorganisms that include multicellular molds and unicellular yeasts

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Fungi

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Slightly larger than bacteria and are used in alcoholic fermentations and bread making. ex candida albicans are pathogenic

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Yeasts

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Filamentous, branched fungi that use spores for reproduction

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Molds

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Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. motion is a characteristic associated with many species, and can be classified according to how they move.

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Protozoa

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Have no cell wall

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Protozoa

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Some protozoa use what to move?

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flagella, cilia, pseudopodia
some are nonmobile

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malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, and toxoplasmosis are examples of

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Protozoa

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Diatoms and dinoflagellates that inhasvit the oceans and are found at the bases of marine food chains are examples of

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algae

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Ultramicroscopic bits of genetic material enclosed in a protein shell and sometimes a membranous envelope, have no metabolism, which makes it difficult for drugs to interfere with their structures.

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Viruses

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The system for naming all living things was established by

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Linnaeus

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The binomial name consists of two names...

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the genus and species

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used crude microscope to view cells and reported his discovery set stage for cell theory-all living things are composed of cells

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Robert hooke 1665

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described microorganisms as animacules

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Leeuwenhoek

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nomenclature of organisms

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Linnaeus

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Challenged spon generation theory with biogenesis theory -cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

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Rudolf Birchow

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proved microorganisms did not spontaneously generate, microbial life can be destroyed by heat , formed the basis for aseptic techniques

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Lois posteur

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attacks spon generation and disproves it for large organisms

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Redi

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adds chick broth to a flask and boils it, lets it cool and waits. Microbes grow and he proposes it as an ex of spon generation

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Needham

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Repeats Needhams experiment, but removes all air from the flask. No growth occurs...

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Spallanzani

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1865 theorized that disease was caused by microorganisms with use of pasteruization

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Pasteur

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began treating surgical with phenol- aseptic surgery

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Lister

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provided definitive proof of the germ theory by isolating the cause of anthrax and showing it to be a bacterium. developed the tools for obtaining pure cultures.

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Koch-kochs postulates(microbes are cause of disease)

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Kochs postulates..4

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1.specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animal suffering from a specific disease
2.specific organism should be isolated from diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial lab media
3.freshly isolated microb when injected into a healthy animal should get the disease
4.microb shoul be reisolated in pure culture from experimental infection

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small pox vaccine 1st vaccine 1798

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Jenner

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discovered vaccines

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Pasteur

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reported the organism that caused mosaic disease of tobacco was so small that it passed through filters fine enough to stop all known bacteria

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Iwanowski

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demonstrated that tobacco mosaic(tmv) was different from all other microbes, so simple it could be crystallized like a chem. compound.

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Stanley

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Discovery of electron microscope

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1940s

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AN acellular microorganisms that are smaller than bacteria

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virus

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tx of a disease using chemical substances or drugs

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chemotherapy

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introduced arsenic containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis in 1910

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Ehrlich

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Discovered pcn-first synthetic chemotherapys-magic bullets

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Ehrlich

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Discovered gramicidin and tyrocidine antibiotics produced by bacillus brevis cultured from soil

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Dubos-1939

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oxygen-producing photoautotrophic prokaryotes

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cyanobacteria

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most primative bacteria

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archaeobaceteria(prokaryotic)

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size of the smlst obj. that can be seen with the micoscope lens

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Resolving power

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Total mg by obj lens x total magnif. by ocular lens

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Total Magnification

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most common type used -objective (under the object)and ocular near the eye.

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Compound microscope

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view live unstained spirochetes spec condensor scatters light which bounces off objects light object on dark background ex dx of syphillis

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Darkfield

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Used for stained smear

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Brightfield illumination

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To view live unstained organisms and internal cell parts

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phase contrast

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contrast microscopy provides a colored, 3d image

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Differential Interference

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Uses uv light to view fluorochrome stained specimens

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Fluorescence Microscopy

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Flourecent stained specimen illuminated one plane at a time. Using a computer to process the images, 2d and 3d images.

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Confocal Microscopy

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Slices of specimen stained with gold or pallidium spec.viewed 200,000X

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Transmission Electron TEM Microscope

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Nonliving while spec can be viewed on screen in 3d

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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Unstained cells are more productively observed using dark-field, phase-contrast, or dic microscopy

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True

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Prior to staining the microorganism is fixed to the slide-heat or alcohol is used to attach the microorginism to the slide

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What is called fixing

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Basic staining procedure

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fixing-dye-mordant-decolarization(wash)-counterstain

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staining with a single basic dye. Bacteria are negatively charged, and the colored positive ion of a basic dye will stain bacteria cells

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Simple Stain

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used to color and isolate specific parts of microorganisms

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Special Stain..

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A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining

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Differential stain

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A stain that differentiates bacteria into those that stain blue to purple(gram+ bacteria)and those that stain pink to red are gram - bacteria

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Gram Stain