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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Commensalism
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relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits but the other is unaffected
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Mutualism
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two organisms biologically interact where each individual derives a fitness benefit
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Parasitism
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Relationship of two living organisms in which one, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other,
the host |
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Characteristics of Protazoa
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Eukaryote
Unicellular Amebae, Flagellates, Ciliates, Apicomplexa |
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Characteristics of Helminths
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Eukaryote
Multicellular Nematodes (roundworm) Cestodes (tapeworm) Trematodes (flukes) |
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Characteristics of Arthropods
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Eukaryote
Multicellular w/ jointed feet agents and vectors of disease |
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How do Protazoa assimilate Nutrients?
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pinocytosis → digestive vacuoles
phagocytosis → digestive vacuoles peristome and cytostome in flagellates/ciliates simple diffusion |
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Do Protazoa use oxygen?
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most parasitic protazoa are Facultatively Anaerobic
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Replication of Protazoa
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form cysts for survival/transmission
replication mostly by binary fission -some use multiple fission or sexual reproduction |
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How do Helminthic parasites get nutrients?
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Active ingestion or passive absorption
Muscular motility requires considerable energy Metabolize carbohydrates, store glycogen |
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Reproduction of Helminths
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most are oviparous (lay eggs)
-200,000 eggs/day |
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characteristics of Helminth Larvae
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several developmental stages (molts)
not the same as adults at birth |
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How do Helminths protect themselves from immune system?
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Cuticle or tegument
Secreted enzymes Immune evasion |
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Physiology of Arthropods
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largest group in animal kingdom
segmented, jointed legs developed digestive/nervous system |
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Immune response to Intracellular parasite
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CD4+ TH1, CD8+ T cells, macrophages
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Immune response to Extracellular parasite
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antibodies, phagocytosis, complement
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Immune response to Helminths parasite
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CD4+ TH2, complement, IgE response, mast cells,
eosinophils (→ major basic protein) |
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Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
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Intracellular Growth
Inactivation of phagocytic killing Resistance to complement, CTLs Release of blocking antigen Development of cysts Antigenic variation Coating with host antigens |
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Antiprotozoal Agents
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Heavy metals
Quinoline derivatives (e.g. chloroquine) Folic acid antagonists Protein, DNA or RNA synthesis inhibitors Membrane damaging agents |
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Antihelminthic agents
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Enzyme (e.g. fumarate reductase) and glucose transport inhibitors
Inhibitors of tubulin function Inhibitors of neuromuscular function |
