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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glycocalyx |
capsule / slime layer in bacteria |
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What is the capsule? |
organized and attached to cell wall |
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What is the slime layer? |
unorganized and loosely attached to cell wall |
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What is the purpose of the glycocalyx? |
allows adherence to surfaces -protection( host immune system) |
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polar/ monotrichous |
single flagellum |
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lophotrichous |
group of flagella at 1 end |
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amphitrichous |
flagella at both end poles |
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Peritrichous |
flagella all over |
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amphiophotrichous |
group of flagella at both ends |
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fimbriae |
similar to flagella but involved in attachment not motility -composed of curlin proteins |
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Pili |
often involved in conjugation -composed of pilin proteins -antigenic |
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What is the crystal violet in gram staining |
purple dye |
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what is the iodine in gram staining |
mordant |
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what is the purpose of the iodine in gram staining |
decolorization |
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what is the safranin for in gram staining |
counterstain |
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What are acid fast organisms |
wax like , nearly impermeable cell walls |
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Lag phase |
bacteria adapt to new growth conditions -synthesis of RNA, enzymes |
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Log phase |
cell doubling |
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Stationary phase |
bacteria stop growing, usually due to nutrient limitation -growth death rate are relatively equivalent |
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generation time |
interval between one cell division and the next |
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Psychrophile |
low temps: -40 degrees C to 20 degrees |
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Mesophile |
body temps 20 degrees to 40 degrees Celsius -most pathogens |
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Thermophile |
high temps 40 degrees to 85 degrees spore formers |
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halophile |
salt tolerant ex salinbacteria |
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Acidophile |
acid tolerant H pylori |
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Aerobe |
oxygen requirement |
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facultative anaerobe |
can grow with or without oxygen |
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obligate anaerobe |
oxygen poisoned GI tract flora, form bubbles |
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Autotroph |
utilizes inorganic material (CO2, H2O) |
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Heterotroph |
requires organic material -most animals and bacteria |
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Bacterial Transformation |
release of DNA from donor cell to recipient cell |
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bacterial transduction |
release of phage from phage infected donor cell to recipient cell |
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bacterial conjugation |
transfer of genetic material between bacterial donor cell and recipient cell by direct cell to cell contact by bridge like connection between cells |
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What is competence? |
Process of cells taking up exogenous DNA( competent) -first discovered in Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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What is transduction? |
DNA is transferred via a bacteriophage(virus) -does not require physical contact -Dnase enzyme resistant *DNA is protected by virus |
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Conjugation |
-transfer of genetic material between bacteria by direct cell to cell contact or by a connection between the cells |
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What components make up the endospore structure |
1) Exosporium: made of proteins 2)Spore coat: Made of proteins w/ high cysteine content 3)Cortex: loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan w/genome 4)Core: bacterial genome w/ proteins bound tightly to protect from damage |
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What two groups are well known pathogenic spore producers |
Bacillus and Clostridium |
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planktonic |
growth in batch liquid culture |
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Biofilms |
structured bacterial community where cells are both attached to a surface and to themselves with an extracellular matrix -most common state bacteria exist in |
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How do bacterial biofilms offer protection from the environment? |
antibiotics immune system harsh conditions |
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nosocomial infections |
acquired in a health care setting |
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Persister cells |
made up of subpopulation of cells highly resistant to killing by anti-microbials -not due to genetic resistance mechanisms -pre-exist in the population -mechanism still unknown |
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Gram positive bacteria use ______ to encode signals |
peptides |
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Do gram negative cells use peptides? |
NO |
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Gram negative bacteria use ____ in quorum sensing |
acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) |
