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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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loss of e
loss of H gain of O (double bond is added) |
Oxidation
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Gain of e
Gain of H Loss of O |
Reduction
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Sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions called....
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metabolic pathways
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In catabolism, nutrients are broken down to produce...
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energy
reducing power (H atoms) precursor molecules for anabolism |
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Catabolism ______ energy
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releases
*exergonic |
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Anabolism combines the precursors created in catabolism(monosacc or amino acids) and joins them together to make....
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Macromolecules, such as proteins or sugars
Cell components |
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Anabolism _______ energy
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uses or absorbs
*endergonic |
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Humans and bacteria are what kind of C and energy user?
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Chemotroph
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The 2 possible catabolic pathways in chemotrophs are...
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respiration and fermentation
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Inorganic molecule is final e acceptor stripped from chemical nutrients in which pathway
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Respiration
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Organic molecule is the final e acceptor in which pathway?
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Fermentation
i.e. acids produced in phenol red glucose when fermented; acid is organic |
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The 1 catabolic pathway in phototrophs are...
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Photosynthesis
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What three things are needed to make ATP?
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ADP
Inorganic Phosphate Energy |
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Energy is stored in high energy bonds between what two molecules?
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The phosphates in ATP;
*A lot of energy is released when this bond breaks. You end up with an inorganic phosphate, and ADP. |
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Organic cofactor of enzymes are called....
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Coenzymes;
Many are made from vitamins in food |
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What 3 coenzymes are used in respiration?
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NAD, FAD and CoA
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What is NAD made from?
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Niacin
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What is NAD's job?
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It transfers H from here to here.
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What is the oxidized form of NAD?
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NAD+
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What is the reduced form of NAD?
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NADH + H-
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What if FAD made of?
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Riboflavin
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What is the function of FAD?
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It transfers H AND protons from here to here
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What is the oxidized form of FAD?
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FAD
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What is the reduced form of FAD?
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FADH2
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What is CoA made of?
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Pantothenic acid
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What is the function of CoA?
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To transfer short pieces of C atoms from 1 compound to another.
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What is the reaction for aerobic respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 38 ADP= 6H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP
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1 glucose produces how much ATP?
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38
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What are the 4 stages to take sugar to ATP?
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Glycolysis
Transition Kreb's Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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How much of the energy that is created when sugar is combusted is actually used to make ATP?
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40%
The rest is lost as heat |
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What is the most common way to get energy from sugar?
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Glycolysis
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Where does glycolysis take place in pro and eukaryotes?
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In the cytoplasm
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Glucose and fructose are isomers, which means....
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They have the same chemical formula, but different structures
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What are the products of glycolysis?
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2 pyruvic acids
2 net ATP (4 were produced, but 2 were used) 2 NADH + H (reduced form) |
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Where does transition take place in pro and eukaryotes?
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Prokaryote- cytoplasm
Eukaryote- Mitochondria |
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What are the products of transition?
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2 acetyl CoA (which have 2 C each)
2 CO2 2 NADH + H+ |
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How does CoA start the Kreb's cycle?
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The CoA bonds the active acetate to oxaloacetic acid
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What determines if a cell can run the Kreb's cycle?
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It's genetic makeup
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What are the products of the Kreb's cycle?
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2 ATP
4 CO2 2 FADH2 6 NADH + H+ *This is from 2 turns of the cycle |
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In what stage are the initial 6 C from glucose used up?
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Halfway through Kreb's cycle
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Where is the ETC in pro and eukaryotes?
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Prokaryote- Cell membrane
Eukaryote- Mitochondria (all along the inner membrane) |
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Which lab test did we do to see if the bacteria had an ETC?
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The Oxidase test
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Where do the e come from that are used in the ETC?
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From the NAD products in the first three steps;
2 from electrolysis, 2 from transition and 6 from kreb's |
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Where is the periplasmic space?
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Between the cell membrane and cell wall in the prokaryote
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Where is the proton pump in eukaryotes?
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intermembrane space in the mitochondria
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What happens when all the protons go through the pump?
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They are all going to repel each other and build up a lot of potential energy.
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Which has more energy, O2 or NAD?
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NAD
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Which enzyme creates the channel for the proton pump?
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ATP Synthetase
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How many ATP does NADH produce?
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3
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How may ATP does FADH2 produce?
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2
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Why can't we just raise the temperature to activate energy producing reactions in cells?
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The higher heat would denature the proteins and evaporate the liquids
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What happens overall, in replication?
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DNA makes new DNA
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What happens overall, in transcription?
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DNA makes mRNA; Which is the first step of protein synthesis
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What happens overall, in translation?
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mRNA links AA together to form protein.
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What happens overall, in replication?
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DNA makes new DNA
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What happens overall, in transcription?
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DNA makes mRNA; Which is the first step of protein synthesis
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What happens overall, in translation?
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mRNA links AA together to form protein.
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How many types of fermentation are there?
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4; homolactic
alcoholic heterolactic mixed acid |
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What is homolactic fermentation?
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Pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid
Ex. Pediococus (pickle fermentation) and lactobacillus (yogurt) |
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What is alcoholic fermentation?
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Pyruvic acid is turned into ethanol and CO2
The VP test (for acetoin) tests for this Ex. Saccharomyces (sweet fungus) wine, beer, spirits and bread |
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What is heterolactic fermentation?
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Combo of homolactic lactic acid production and alcoholic alcohol and CO2 production.
Ex. Some lactobacillus |
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What is mixed acid fermentation?
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Produces mixture of acids, alcohol, and pyruvic acids. Many different types of acids are produced.
MR test tests for this Ex. Shigella, Salmonella and E. Coli |
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How are lipids and carbs catabolized?
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They are converted into compounds which are part of the respiratory pathway.
Ex. proteins -----> oxaloacetic acid in krebs |
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Respiration AND fermentation get their energy from where?
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Chemical compounds
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If the arrow is flipped in photosynthesis, it is .....
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aerobic respiration
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What are the two basic groups in the phases of photosynthesis?
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light reactions = light dependent
dark reactions = light independent |
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What do light reactions of photosynthesis produce?
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ATP and NADPH (reduced form of NADP)
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What do the dark reactions of photosynthesis produce?
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The ATP and NADPH are used to "fix" or make into solid the CO2 from atmosphere, which is then converted into glucose and goes through aerobic respiration
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What is rRNA?
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Structural part of the ribosome....it makes it
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What is mRNA?
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Carries information from DNA to ribosome, where a protein is synthesized
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What is tRNA?
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Found in the cytoplasm, where they pick up amino acids and transfer them to mRNA
-tRNA has cloverleaf structure, with anticodon to match the codon on mRNA |
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Where are okazaki fragments found (In which stage?)
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DNA replication
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