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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How was Leeuwenhoek's microscope different than current day light microscopes?
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L ms - simple with 1 lens and 1 magnification and no bacterial stains to increase contrast
current day - compound, 3/4 objectives plus ocular objectives for more magnification, built it light source, oil immersion |
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Compound microscope-
illumination source? |
has 2 sets of lenses (objective and ocular)
illumination source is light |
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Electron microscope-
2 types? |
uses e- beam to illuminate specimen, not light.
b/c of e-, resolution and magnification much better than light 1. Scanning (SEM) - surface detail and 3-D 2. Transmission - internal detail |
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Resolution
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the ability to distinguish two points from one another
m.s. resolution much greater than human eye is a function (dependent) of the optics of m.s. |
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Contrast
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is the difference in density of the specimen and the surrounding medium
Increase by modifying wavelength light travels differently through specimen than the medium around it creating contrast (specimen darker) staining can increase contrast, as well as phase-contrast m.s. |
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Magnification
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is the ability to increase the apparent size of an object
is a function of both the m.s. and the contrast of specimin |
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Viruses
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no metabolism
require host to reproduce not euk or prok |
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Bacteria
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Prokaryotic
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Fungi
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eukaryotic, sometimes unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold)
cell wall of chitin spore producing saprophytic - feed of dead organisms |
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Algae
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eukaryotic - oxygenic photosynthetic
unicellular, filamentous or colonial cell wall cellulose |
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What must you have to increase magnification?
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Resolution and contrast
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Average bacterial size
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1 - 2 micrometers
10 (-6) little natural contrast |
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Average virus size
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10 (-9) nanometer
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Slime molds
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-cross between fungi (spore producing) and protozoa (motile)
-feed via phagocytosis -motility is amoeba like (cytoplasmic streaming) -with decaying outer membrane |
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How are protozoa classified as compared to how the fungi are classified? What are differences among the classes?
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jklj
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Cell wall
(Prok and some Euk) |
rigid, but has holes
highly permeable determines morphology maintains turgur pressure inside cell (2atm) Made of NAM and NAG |
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Protozoa (Euk)
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-unicellular
-no CW -majority motile -aquatic -ubiquitous -parasitic Types of protozoa: amoeba, flaggellates, ciliates, sporozoans |
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Sources of Nutrients for Protozoa
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SOURCE of nutriens:
1. pinocytosis- nutrients sucked through cell membrane into membrane bound vesicle 2. Phagocytosis- extensions of cell membrane surround OM, brings into cell as membrane bound vesicle |
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Amoeba (type of Protozoa)---general group based on motility
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-Movement by flowing plasmodium aka cytoplasmic streaming - extensions of CM to pull cell forward ....extend, bring the back end up
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Entamoeba histolytica
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causes dysentery
Entamoeba = genus histolytica = species |
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Flagellates (type of protozoa)
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-move via flagella (plural)
-long whip like structures that extend out from cell ...that rotate either CW or CCW to move the cell |
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(spp)
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indicates multiple species involved
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Ciliates (type of Protozoa)
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-posses cilia, short hairlike structures that extend from cell and when the cilia "beat", the cell moves
ex. paramecium |
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Sporozoans (type of Protozoa)
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-atypic motility (bending or gliding motion)
-obligate parasites |
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Obligate parasites
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can't survive outside of a host
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Chemoorganotroph
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use organic chemicals for Energy (ex glucose)
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Chemolithotroph
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use inorganic chemicals for Energy (example Hydrogen gas)
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Fungi (Euk)
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-cell walls made up chitin
-different classifications based on morphology |
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Molds (type of Fungi)
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-filamentous
-single filament = hypha multiple filament = hyphae -responsible for antibiotics!!!! (ex. penicillum) -spore forming |
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Mushrooms (type of fungi)
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-filamentous fungus
-mushroom structure for reproductve structure -multicellular |
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Yeasts (type of fungi)
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-UNICELLULAR
-cocci -reproduce sexually or asexually -asexually via budding -can become filamentous when hits human host -involved in fermentation...beer industry looks for # of bud scars to see how many times has bud - want young yeast |
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Slime molds (type of Fungi)
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jkl
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Phase contrast m.s.
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-can see the inside of cell....see some cilia
organism highlighted again background |
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Phase contrast m.s.
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-can see the inside of cell....see some cilia
organism highlighted against background |
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Cell division results in .....
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mutations!
Why beer producers want young yeast (less mutations) |
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NAM
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N-acetylmuramic acid
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NAG
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N-acetylglucosamine
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Bacterial Death often due to...
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Starvation (cold temp)...because cold temp decreases movement of FMM so proteins aren't moving well and can't digest nutrients
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FMM (Fluid Mosaic Model) states...
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1. membrane fluidity
2. tons of proteins 3. ability of mosaic to change and move about the CM provides efficiency in nutrient uptake |
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Bacteria and fatty acids
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Bacteria can modify the RATIO of sat to unsaturated fats (will always have both)
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Heating bacteria
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increase T, increase concentration of saturated fatty acids
-takes longer for membrane to become really fast...which is why can survive cooking |
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Cooling bacteria
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-decrease temp, increase concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (C double bond C)
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Cytoplasmic membrane function
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determine what goes in or out of cell
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Ribosomes
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protein production
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Metabolism
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produce the energy necessary to carry out bodily function, biosynthesis, motility etc
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Exopolymer
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outer protective structure
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cell wall
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gives the cell its morphology and maintains torgur pressure
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Pentose phosphate pathway
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produce intermediates and NADPH for biosynthesis
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Complete oxidation of glucose involves which pathways?
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Glycolysis and TCA
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Oxidation
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lose Hydrogens
-Degradation! -Catabolism |
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Reduction
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Biosynthesis - Anabolism
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Outer membrane
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-only in GN
-makes less susceptible to penicillin -similar to CM except is less complex in terms of protein mosaic -more permeable than the CM |
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Gram negative (GN)
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-contain LPS
-OM, CW, CM |
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LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
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-elicit strong immune response (allergies)
-neg charged -contributes to neg charge of bacteria! -extend out from OM -if LPS or lipid A enters blood, septic shock |
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LPS components
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1. Lipid A - fatty acid attached to NAG in OM ..toxic
2. Core polysaccharide - variable sugar chain composed of 7 C sugars 3. O side chain - 6 C sugars |
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Transcription!
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-DNA to RNA
-Nucleus |
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Translation
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RNA to protein
-cytoplasm |
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Gram Positive (GP)
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-stain purple
-thick CW (NAM and NAG) -No OM, so more susceptible to penicillin |
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Techoic and Lipotechoic acids in
GP cells |
-also create immune response but not as great of response as GN
-also neg charged -sticks out from CW Lipo=covalently connected to cell membrane aka plasma membrane Technoic=connected to within the CW (peptidoglycan) techoic = |
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Periplasmic space
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space in between Cell membrane (CM) and cell wall (CW)
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Periplasmic space in GN
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-exists btwn Outer membrane and cell membrane
-more space for nutrients b/c trapped by outer membrane |
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Periplasmic space in GP
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-between CW and CM
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Autotroph
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uses inorganic Carbon (CO2) as carbon source
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Heterotroph
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uses organic carbon (glucose etc) as carbon source
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chemolithoheterotroph
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uses organic carbon source
uses inorganic chemicals for Energy source (Hydrogen gas) |
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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ATP production via glycolysis
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Resolution is a function of the optics of the m.s.
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