Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what did leeuwenhoek do? |
first to observe cells using a microscope |
|
|
what did pasteur do? |
deferred cell theory |
|
|
what did koch do? |
established causation of disease by microorganisms |
|
|
what did lister do? |
aseptic techniques |
|
|
what did jenner do? |
create smallpox vaccine |
|
|
what does biogenesis state? |
living things come from living things |
|
|
what does spontaneous generation state? |
living things come from non-living things |
|
|
why was spontaneous generation supported? |
only explanation for how things came to be |
|
|
what is the coccus shape? |
circle |
|
|
what is the bacillus shape? |
rod |
|
|
what is the spiral shape? |
curly |
|
|
what is the strepto- arrangement? |
chain of circles |
|
|
what is the staphylo- arrangement? |
grape-like cluster |
|
|
what is the sarcina arrangement? |
circles shaped into a cube |
|
|
describe prokaryotes (7) |
1. no nucleus 2. no organelles 3. unicellular 4. cell is a capsule 5. all are bacteria 6. divide by binary fission 7. have small ribosomes |
|
|
describe eukaryotes (7) |
1. nucleus 2. organelles 3. uni or multicellular 4. cytoskeleton 5. not bacteria 6. divide by mitosis 7. have large ribosomes |
|
|
how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar (6)? |
1. ribosomes 2. DNA 3. cytoplasm 4. cell membrane 5. flagella 6. cell division |
|
|
what does it mean to be gram-positive? |
thicker wall, more PG, stains purple |
|
|
what does it mean to be gram-negative? |
thinner wall, less PG, stains red, outer membrane |
|
|
what is a prokaryotic cell membrane made up of? |
phospholipid bilayer / carbs and proteins |
|
|
what does the prokaryotic cell membrane secrete? |
exoenzymes |
|
|
what does a eukaryotic cell membrane contain that a prokaryotic membrane does not? |
sterols |
|
|
describe a cell membrane (5) |
1. selectively permeable 2. covered by cell wall 3. in all cells 4. lipid bilayer 5. flexible |
|
|
describe a cell wall (5) |
1. permeable 2. outer-most layer 3. only in plant and bacteria cells 4. made of chitin or glycoproteins 5. fixed shape |
|
|
what is diffusion? |
movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
|
|
what does facillitated diffusion use? |
carrier proteins |
|
|
what is osmosis? |
diffusion of water |
|
|
what is active transport? |
uses ATP to cross membrane |
|
|
what is endocytosis? |
taking in materials |
|
|
what is exocytosis? |
materials leaving cell |
|
|
what are archaea? |
unicellular organisms that inhabit extreme environments |
|
|
do archaea have cell walls? |
yes |
|
|
what is the main difference between archaea and bacteria? |
archaea do not have PG in their cell walls |
|
|
what is taxonomy? |
the science of classifying organisms |
|
|
why is taxonomy good? |
provides a universal language and allows for organization |
|
|
put the classifications in order from broad to specific |
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
|
|
what was scientific nomenclature created by? |
Linnaeus |
|
|
what is a dichotomy tree? |
used to identify unknown organisms by running tests and observing results |
|
|
what is normal flora? |
bacteria that are always on skin and don't cause disease |
|
|
what is E.coli? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rod, negative, aerobic, intestinal flora, food poisoning/UTI |
|
|
what is P.aeruginosa? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rod with flagella, negative, aerobic, soil and water, infections in burn patients (nosocomial) |
|
|
what is H.pylori? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
vibroid, negative, microaerophillic, stomach lining, ulcers/cancer |
|
|
what is B.anthracis? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rods, positive, aerobic or facultative, sheep, anthrax poisoning |
|
|
what is S.aureus? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
grape clusters, positive, facultative, flora, infections/food poisoning |
|
|
what is S.mutans? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
cocci chains, positive, anaerobic, teeth, plaque |
|
|
what is M.tuberculosis? (shape, cell wall, air, causation) |
macrophages, atypical cell wall, aerobic, fever/fatigue/cough blood |
|
|
describe multicellular fungi (4) |
1. live on dead organic matter 2. reproduce sexually or asexually 3. made of hyphae 4. low temp |
|
|
describe unicellular yeast (4) |
1. live off of dead or living matter 2. reproduce by budding or fission 3. single celled 4. high temp |
|
|
what is mycosis? |
a disease caused by a fungus |
|
|
what is dimorphism? |
fungi that exist as either yeast or mold (can be both) |
|
|
what is brown algae? |
kelp, cellulose wall, multicellular |
|
|
what is red algae? |
red, cellulose wall, multicellular, agar |
|
|
what is green algae? |
green, cellulose wall, uni or multicellular |
|
|
what is the intermediate host? |
human |
|
|
what is the definitive host? |
mosquito |
|
|
where do sporozoites divide? |
liver |
|
|
where do merozoites divide? |
red blood cells |
|
|
where does sexual reproduction occur? |
mosquito |
|
|
where does asexual reproduction occur? |
human |
|
|
are all viruses living? |
unknown |
|
|
are all viruses bad? |
no |
|
|
describe where viruses attack |
either a specific cell or entire body |
|
|
describe the make up of viruses (3) |
1. DNA or RNA, single or double stranded 2. capsid protein coat to enclose DNA 3. phospholipid envelope |
|
|
what is catabolism? |
breaks down large molecules to make ATP |
|
|
what is anabolism? |
uses ATP to build molecules |
|
|
what is exergonic? |
energy lost as heat, some stored |
|
|
what is energonic? |
energy stored |
|
|
what is the structure of ATP? |
adenine, 3 phosphate groups, ribose |
|
|
what is the formula for cellular respiration? |
glucose + O2 + ADP --> H2O + CO2 + ATP |
|
|
what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration? |
glycolysis, kreb's cycle, electron transport chain |
|
|
describe enzymes (4) |
1. speed up chemical reactions 2. recyclable 3. should not be changed 4. active sites |
|
|
what is substrate-level phosphorylation? |
phosphate group is added to a substrate |
|
|
why are 2 ATP needed for glycolysis? |
to activate glucose |
|
|
what are the end products of glycolysis? |
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP |
|
|
what is pyruvate? |
pyruvic acid; product of glycolysis |
|
|
what is decarboxylation? |
carbon removed as CO2 |
|
|
what does acetyl CoA do? |
merge with oxaloacetate to form citrate |
|
|
what do NAD+ and FAD+ do? |
transport electrons to mitochondria |
|
|
how many ATP does NADH produce? |
3 |
|
|
how many ATP does FADH produce? |
2 |
|
|
how many ATP does cellular respiration produce? |
38 |
|
|
how many ATP does the electron transport chain produce? |
34 |
|
|
how many ATP does glycolysis produce? |
2 |
|
|
how many ATP does the kreb's cycle produce? |
2 |
|
|
where does NADH enter the ETC? |
first protein complex |
|
|
where does FADH enter the ETC? |
COQ |
