Micro Exam 1

Front 1

apoenzyme

Back 1

protein part of enzyme

Front 2

prosthetic group

Back 2

cofactors firmly attached to an active site

Front 3

coenzyme

Back 3

cofactors loosely attached to an enzyme

Front 4

lock and key model

Back 4

substrate fits perfect

Front 5

induced fit

Back 5

substrate comes to the active site and changes the site's shape in order to fit

Front 6

regulatory site

Back 6

what effector molecules fit into

Front 7

competitive inhibitor

Back 7

competes with substrate for active site

Front 8

positive/negative effector molecules [allosteric control]

Back 8

cause enzymes to start/stop working

Front 9

amphipathic

Back 9

any molecule that has a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part

Front 10

fluid mosaic model

Back 10

patchwork of phospholipids free moving and constantly shuffling around

Front 11

lysozyme

Back 11

breaks down peptoglycan, human excretion [in tears]

Front 12

IGA antibodies

Back 12

human body makes them, they attach to finmbriae like gum on a key. Fimbriae cannot attach to human cells

Front 13

bacterial ribosomes

humans

Back 13

30s + 50s =70s

60s + 40s = 80s

Front 14

monera = prokaryotes =

Back 14

archaea and bacteria

no cell nucleus

Front 15

protista

Back 15

everything that exists as a single cell.

Eukaryotes

Front 16

Aerobic respiration

Back 16

glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + water + ATP

oxygen is terminal electron acceptor

Front 17

Anaerobic respiration

Back 17

glucose + sulfur --> CO2 + hydrogen sulfide + ATP

Sulfur or CO2 can be used as Terminal Electron Acceptor

Front 18

Fermentation

Back 18

glucose --> fermentation products [lactic acid, gasses, alcohols] + ATP

no terminal electron acceptor

Front 19

Obligate aerobe

Back 19

has to grow in presence of oxygen

Front 20

Facultative anaerobe

Back 20

can grow without oxygen but would prefer a lot of it

Front 21

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Back 21

completely indifferent to presence of oxygen

Front 22

strict anaerobe

Back 22

cannot tolerate presence of oxygen

Front 23

microaerophile

Back 23

likes oxygen but in small doses

Front 24

[Energy source]

chemoorganotroph

chemolithotroph

phototroph

Back 24

organic molecules

inorganic molecules

light

Front 25

[carbon source]

autotroph

heterotroph

Back 25

CO2

organic molecules

Front 26

[Electron source]

Organotroph

lithotroph

Back 26

organic molecules

inorganic molecules

Front 27

phases of growth

Back 27

lag --> exponential --> stationary phase --> death phase

Front 28

endospores

Back 28

made by bacteria when environment is tough. Dense coating encasing bacteria that protects it from heat, dryness, and radiation

Front 29

sterilize

Back 29

all cells are killed including endospores

Front 30

Disinfectant

Back 30

harsher chemicals than antiseptics

most things are gone but not everything

rarely endospores
specific to surfaces

Front 31

Antiseptic

Back 31

specific to disease prevention and body tissue

Front 32

sanitize

Back 32

removing things microbes might grow on

Front 33

bacteriostatic

Back 33

keeps bacteria from growing, doesn't kill

Front 34

bactercide

Back 34

something that kills bacteria

Front 35

moist heat

Back 35

autoclave- uses high temp steam and pressure in order to sterilize

boiling water

Front 36

dry heat

Back 36

extremely high temp

something like a furnace

has to be applied in a particular way to ensure sterilization

Front 37

pasteurization

Back 37

short exposure to heat

kills disease causing bacteria but leaves spoilage organisms behind

Front 38

ionizing radiation

Back 38

creates highly reactive molecules that damage DNA

DNA has H-bonds

I-radiation causes DNA damaging covalent bonds

Front 39

Ultraviolet radiation

Back 39

low penetrating power

used for surfaces

from UV lamps and the sun

Front 40

filtration

Back 40

pass through a filter that traps bacteria

for items that cannot withstand heat

Front 41

phenolic

Back 41

denature proteins

allow contents of bacteria to leak out

Front 42

alcohols

Back 42

used as antiseptics and disinfectants

really a matter of exposure

Front 43

Halogens

Back 43

iodine --> antiseptic used with an iodaphore [slow release of iodine]

Chlorine -->disinfectant used in pools and oxidizes proteins.

Front 44

Heavy metals

Back 44

Silver nitrate- used to prevent gonorrhea infection in newborn's eyes

mercury- used to treat civil war syphilis

Front 45

Aldehydes

Back 45

used as disinfectants, can act as sterlinats

attach proteins together 'cross link' proteins so they can't work as well

Front 46

sterilizing gasses

Back 46

ethylene oxide used to sterilize things that can't stand heat

Front 47

Defined media

Back 47

you know exactly what is in it.

Minimal- only made with a carbon source

Front 48

complex media

Back 48

some kind of OM and from an extraction broth.

really don't know what's there

Front 49

transcription

Back 49

copy in the same language.

DNA --> RNA

Front 50

translation

Back 50

copy in a different language

RNA --> protein

nucleic acid --> amino acid

Front 51

Replication fork

Back 51

Y shaped structure containing leading and lagging strands

Front 52

oriC locus

Back 52

sites on the chromosome where replication begins

Front 53

helicase

Back 53

untwists DNA

Front 54

single stranded DNA binding proteins

Back 54

holds untwisted DNA apart allowing replication

Front 55

DNA gyrase

Back 55

cuts one strand of DNA allowing the other to untwist, releases tension in DNA strand

Front 56

Primase

Back 56

add RNA primer to DNA

Front 57

Primer

Back 57

RNA used to start replication by providing free 3' OH group

Front 58

5'to 3' synthesis

Back 58

direction DNA polymerase 1 and 3 move

Front 59

DNA polymerase 1

Back 59

remove RNA primers and synthesize DNA in place

Front 60

DNA polymerase 3

Back 60

does most DNA synthesis

Front 61

leading strand

Back 61

continues synthesis

Front 62

lagging strands

Back 62

discontinuous synthesis, numerous primers used

Front 63

okazaki fragments

Back 63

short pieces of DNA on lagging strand added in by DNA polymerase 3

Front 64

DNA ligase

Back 64

joins sections of DNA added by DNA polymerase 1 to those added by DNA polymerase 3

Front 65

3' to 5' exonuclease activity

Back 65

proofreading by DNA polymerase 3, replaces bases that have been added incorrectly

Front 66

[Transcription]

RNA polymerase- core enzyme

Back 66

synthesizes RNA polymerase

Front 67

[Transcription]

Sigma factor

Back 67

guides RNA polymerase core to promoter region

Front 68

[Transcription]

template strand

Back 68

DNA strand that is copied when making RNA

Front 69

[Transcription]

Promoter

Back 69

site [-35 bases] where RNA polymerase binds DNA strand

Front 70

[Transcription]

Pribnow box

Back 70

site [-10] bases where DNA separate, also known as TATA box

Front 71

[Transcription]

terminator, hairpin loop

Back 71

signal ending transcription, always necessary

Front 72

[Transcription]

rho factor

Back 72

factor that may be necessary to end transcription

Front 73

[Transcription]

introns and exons [eukaryotes only]

Back 73

intron: region of RNA removed after transcription

exon: region of RNA remaining after intro removed

Front 74

[Translation]

rRNA

Back 74

ribosomal RNA, found in ribosomes

Front 75

[Translation]

tRNA

Back 75

Transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes

Front 76

[Translation]

mRNA

Back 76

messenger RNA

Front 77

[Translation]

Amino acid activation

Back 77

attachment of amino acids to tRNA

Front 78

[Translation]

anticodon triplet

Back 78

found on tRNA

Front 79

[Translation]

30s and 50s

Back 79

two ribosomal subunits

Front 80

[Translation]

fMet

Back 80

first amino acid added to protein

Front 81

[Translation]

initiation

Back 81

tRNA with fMet comes to ribosomes

Front 82

[Translation]

Reading frame

Back 82

groups of three bases

Front 83

[Translation]

peptidyl or donor site [P site]

Back 83

amino acid chain moves from this

Front 84

[Translation]

aminoacyl or acceptor site [A site]

Back 84

site new amino acid is brought into by tRNA

Front 85

[Translation]

transpeptidation

Back 85

movement of amino acid chain to new amino acid

Front 86

[Translation]

translocation

Back 86

movement of ribosomes along mRNA, new stop codon comes into A site

Front 87

[Translation]

stop codons

Back 87

end translation

Front 88

[Mutation]

substitution

Back 88

change one base to another [ex: A to C]

Front 89

[Mutation]

insertion/deletion

Back 89

addition or removal of a base, changing the reading frame

Front 90

[Mutation]

frameshift

Back 90

results from insertion/deletion

Front 91

[Mutation]

missense

Back 91

incorrect amino acids inserted

Front 92

[Mutation]

nonsense

Back 92

stop codon created in wrong spot

Front 93

[Mutation]

silent

Back 93

no change in the protein

Front 94

monosaccarides

Back 94

glucose

galactose

fructose

Front 95

lactose

Back 95

glucose + galactose

Front 96

sucrose

Back 96

glucose + fructose

Front 97

maltose

Back 97

glucose + glucose